tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58172100475762645532024-03-23T03:14:36.187-07:00DenTodaYThis is the Dental Blog providing Dental Topics, Research Papers, E-books, Effective Videos for Dental Student and sometimes General Topics of Interest. Most of the Topics are extracts from the authentic sources. Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-90658350273840259982017-04-06T02:32:00.000-07:002017-04-06T03:06:15.576-07:00NATURAL DENTAL IMPLANTS AT IDS 2017 COLOGNE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Company's Patent Portfolio Offers Unique Opportunity to Develop the Next Generation of Patient-Specific Tooth Replacement Solutions</b></span></span></h3>
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<a href="http://prnewswire2-a.akamaihd.net/p/1893751/sp/189375100/thumbnail/entry_id/1_m386x1sd/def_height/2700/def_width/2700/version/100011/type/2/q/100" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://prnewswire2-a.akamaihd.net/p/1893751/sp/189375100/thumbnail/entry_id/1_m386x1sd/def_height/2700/def_width/2700/version/100011/type/2/q/100" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ_KhscCqA1fI428ZCB6IaEgoUyYbutLH57RVjAOkBxAx7bU3-Vq4wC5FdrKO-B25jRSWiI1NAktaydElRewKuvQFN1_Kak5KEiYNZeYU47jxGkOShedNcd4DBzcLiRz6XPEIoOApm-HOP/s1600/replicate-tooth-dental-implant.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ_KhscCqA1fI428ZCB6IaEgoUyYbutLH57RVjAOkBxAx7bU3-Vq4wC5FdrKO-B25jRSWiI1NAktaydElRewKuvQFN1_Kak5KEiYNZeYU47jxGkOShedNcd4DBzcLiRz6XPEIoOApm-HOP/s320/replicate-tooth-dental-implant.jpg" width="239" /> </a></div>
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Natural Dental Implants AG (NDI) announced the development of a 3D printed version of the REPLICATE Tooth at IDS 2017 held at Cologne Germany. NDI began working on its first generation of customized tooth replacement products and filing patents in 2006, giving the Company a unique advantage in the market. The 3D printed REPLICATE Tooth, which the Company will have at the International Dental Show (IDS), features a titanium root portion and a zirconia abutment portion, like the commercially available version of the REPLICATE Tooth currently made by 5-axis CNC milling.<br />
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According to Ruedger Rubbert, CEO of Natural Dental Implants AG, "We started thinking about customized tooth replacement systems more than ten years ago. Our patent portfolio includes endossoeus and perio-integrative implementations, various surface enhancements, CAD/CAM systems, and manufacturing technologies, utilized in rapid prototyping methods and 3D printing. This enables industrialized and chair‑side fabrication of individually shaped dental implants." He added, "Using new technologies like 3D printing helps us reduce costs and provide even more value to our customers."</div>
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The Company has a working prototype and expects to begin extensive product testing this year.</div>
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<b style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;">About the REPLICATE Immediate Tooth Replacement System and Natural Dental Implants:</b></div>
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The REPLICATE System features the REPLICATE Tooth, an anatomically-shaped, 100% customized, titanium-zirconia tooth, and the REPLICATE Temporary Protective Crown, a customized cover shield designed to protect the REPLICATE Tooth during the healing process. This new approach to single-tooth replacement offers patients an immediate, minimally invasive alternative to traditional dental implants and three-unit bridges.</div>
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<img src="http://www.3ders.org/images2017/natural-dental-implants-presents-3d-printed-replicate-tooth-ids-2017-3.jpg" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">The REPLICATE Tooth is an anatomical copy of the patient's natural tooth that fits into the space occupied by the tooth being removed. It is one piece; a super-hydrophylic titanium root fused to a zirconia preparation with an emerging profile like that of a natural tooth. Each REPLICATE Tooth component is designed individually and can be modified to overcome anatomical limitations or to meet specific clinical requirements. The process starts with a DVT/CBCT scan and dental impression. The dentist submits the data prior to the tooth being extracted, NDI designs that patient's custom REPLICATE Tooth, manufactures it and delivers it sterile, ready to be placed at the extraction appointment. Immediately after the extraction, the REPLICATE Tooth is inserted into the tooth socket, without drilling, and covered with the REPLICATE Temporary Protective Crown until it osseointegrates. Once osseointegration is complete the REPLICATE Temporary Protective Crown is removed and a final crown is placed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> Natural Dental Implants AG, headquartered in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="xn-location" itemprop="contentLocation" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #373737; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span itemprop="geo" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/address" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span itemprop="addressLocality" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Berlin, Germany</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, and a U.S. subsidiary based in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="xn-location" itemprop="contentLocation" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #373737; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span itemprop="geo" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/address" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span itemprop="addressLocality" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Dallas, Texas</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">, was founded in 2006 to develop the intellectual property behind the REPLICATE Immediate Tooth Replacement System. The REPLICATE System is available in the European Union and will be offered in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span class="xn-location" itemprop="contentLocation" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Place" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #373737; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span itemprop="geo" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/address" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span itemprop="addressLocality" style="box-sizing: border-box;">the United States</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>pending FDA approval.</span></div>
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<u><span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Courtes<span style="font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;">y:</span></span></u><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/natural-dental-implants-ag-announces-3d-printed-replicate-tooth-at-the-international-dental-show-in-cologne-300426972.html" target="_blank">PR NEWSWIRE</a> </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.3dscales.com/blog/natural-dental-implants-presents-cost-cutting-3d-printed-replicate-tooth-at-ids-2017" target="_blank">3DS</a> </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><u>For more Related Information :</u></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #373737; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "proxima nova" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><u><a href="http://www.replicatetooth.com/download-center-open" target="_blank">Replicate Tooth</a> </u></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-21059034626341170732015-12-13T00:09:00.000-08:002015-12-13T00:09:24.039-08:00Patient Safety in Primary Care Dentistry: Where Ae We Now? A Study<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Effective safety protocols require more investigation, according to the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom. Its researchers note that the concept of patient safety in dentistry is in its infancy, with little knowledge about the effectiveness of tools or interventions developed to improve it or minimize the occurrence of adverse events.</div>
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“There have not been many studies in this field due to the concept being poorly defined specifically in relation to dentistry: i.e, what is an ‘adverse event’ in dentistry?” said Edmund Bailey, locum consultant in oral surgery at the Eastman Dental Hospital, honorary lecturer in oral surgery at the university’s school of dentistry, and author of the study.</div>
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“All will accept that erroneous tooth extraction is an adverse event. But other issues, such as misdiagnosis of periodontal conditions or poor restorations, are a little harder to define. This also brings in the concept of quality to dentistry,” Bailey said.</div>
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The researchers initially identified 3,240 published studies potentially related to patient safety, defined by the World Health Organization as “The reduction of the risk of unnecessary harm associated with healthcare to an acceptable minimum.” Yet only 9 of them included different outcome measures and, therefore, different measures of success.</div>
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Four studies detailed the use of checklists to ensure safety. Three papers examined reporting systems for adverse reactions to dental materials. One described an intervention that alerted practitioners via electronic notes to Web-based guidelines regarding patients’ medical conditions. The last study detailed trigger tools, or easily detectable and focused items in a patient’s case notes that can help identify adverse events.</div>
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“I would suggest that practitioners introduce correct site surgery policies and checklists into their clinics, especially when carrying out extractions,” said Bailey. “The review demonstrated that these could reduce errors in dentistry. It is important that all staff involved in this process are engaged. Otherwise, the checklist is just a piece of paper.”</div>
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Overall, the researchers said that the number of publications on patient safety is increasing, and it is an active area of research. Yet there is a lack of literature specifically showing patient safety interventions leading to improvements, as tools are identified but not verified from the literature searches. Interventions are suggested, but they are not trialed.</div>
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Also, the study found that there were no independently verified, well-validated tools in use that can lead to improvements in patient safety specific to dentistry. The researchers cited a lack of understanding of basic epidemiology of patient safety in dentistry as well, along with little understanding of the views of patients when it comes to safety.</div>
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As a result, the study recommends a collaborative approach as dental researchers work with other areas of primary care to develop concepts for improving patient safety using common methods and an agreed taxonomy. Priority areas for patient safety also should be identified, with clinical care guidelines produced as a result.</div>
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“National Health Services England has been interested in this work, as well as the dental faculty of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. The indemnity providers have also taken an interest, but were unable to provide much information to us due to their commercial interests and confidentiality,” said Bailey.</div>
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“Dr. Elisabeth Kalenderian at Harvard has a research interest in patient safety in dentistry. One of her studies was included in the review,” Bailey said. “Also, in Scotland, there is a Patient Safety Program that is looking at including dentistry in its remit.”</div>
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<b><u>SOURCE</u>:</b></div>
<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Droid Serif'; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">The study, “<a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6831/15/152" target="_blank">Systematic Review of Patient Safety Interventions in Dentistry</a>,” was written by Edmund Bailey, Martin Tickle, Stephen Campbell, and Lucy O’Malley and published by BMC Oral Health. Additional information on learning tools for practitioners is available in a previous study, “<a href="http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v217/n7/full/sj.bdj.2014.857.html" target="_blank">Patient Safety in Primary Care Dentistry: Where Are We Now?</a>” published by the <a href="http://www.nature.com/bdj/index.html" target="_blank">British Dental Journal</a>. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Droid Serif'; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><a href="http://www.dentistrytoday.com/news/industrynews/item/588-study-says-patient-safety-needs-more-research" target="_blank">Dentistry Today</a></span><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-83958755938868021922015-06-22T03:29:00.001-07:002017-04-06T11:53:55.083-07:00Oral Habits with Associated Oral Disorders.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Oral Habit</span></u></span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Oral Habit is an increased tendency of performance of a single or multiple acts repeatedly. Such acts are relatively fixed and easy to perform by an individual. Initially these acts are a result of conscious efforts by the individual. Later these acts become less conscious and more of an unconscious act. Thus the <b>Act</b> gets converted into a <b>Habit</b>. This kind of phenomenon is frequently seen in Children in their developmental stages of dentition. Hence these habits if persist have a definite effect on the Dental Occlusion and its supporting structures. They also cause abnormal facial growth in the children leading to aesthetics problems.</span></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <u>Various Oral Habits</u></span></span></span></h4>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Thumb Sucking</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Finger Sucking</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Pacifier or Dummy Sucking </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Tongue Thrusting</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Mouth Breathing </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Bruxism</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Lip Biting</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Nail Biting</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Cheek Biting</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Pencil Biting </span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Pencil or foreign object sucking</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Lip Sucking</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Clenching</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Occupational habits</span></span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><u style="background-color: white;">Classification of Habits</u></span></span></h3>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Useful and Harmful Habits </u>(James 1923)</span></span></h4>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Useful habits are considered essential for normal function such as proper Respiration, Normal Degluttion, etc.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">
Harmful habits have a deleterious effects on the normal dentition e.g., Thumb Sucking, Tongue Thrusting, etc.</span></span></li>
<li><h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Empty and Meaningful Habits </u>(Klein 1971)</span></span></h4>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Empty habits are not associated with deep rooted psychological problems.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">
Meaningful habits have a psychological bearing. <br /> </span></span></li>
<li><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Pressure, Non pressure and Biting Habits</u> (Morris and Bohanna 1969)</span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">
Pressure Habits include sucking habits.<br />
Non Pressure habits do not apply a direct force on the teeth and their supporting structures. e.g., Mouth Breathing.<br />
Biting Habits includde nail biting, lip biting, pencil biting, etc.<br />
</span></span></li>
<li><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Compulsive and Non Compulsive Habits</u> (Finn 1987)</span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">
Compulsive Habits are deep rooted and have acquired fixation in the child to the extent that the child retreats to the habit whenever his security is threatened by events which occur around him. The child tends to suffer increased anxiety when attempts are made to correct the habit.
<br />
Non Compulsive Habits are easily learned and dropped easily as the child matures.</span></span></li>
<li><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><u style="background-color: white;">Primary and Secondary Habits</u></span></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span><br />
</span><h3>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><u style="background-color: white;">Thumb/Digit Sucking</u></span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="http://www.homdental.com/assets/images/shutterstock-images/boysuckingthumb.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img alt="http://www.homdental.com/assets/images/shutterstock-images/boysuckingthumb.jpg" border="0" src="http://www.homdental.com/assets/images/shutterstock-images/boysuckingthumb.jpg" /></a></span></span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Digit sucking is the placement of thumb or one or more fingers in varying depths into the mouth. It is the most common type of Oral Habit. It is seen in very early age because sucking is the first co-ordinated muscular activity of infants and recent researches suggest its presence even in the IntraUterine Life. Till the age of 3-4 yr, this habit is considered normal, however, beyond this age, it can lead to the various malocclusions.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> <u><b>SUBTE</b></u><u><b>LNY </b></u><u><b>(1973)</b></u> divided thumb sucking into different types on the basis of the portion of thumb or digit into the mouth:</span></span><br />
<br />
</span><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Type A (50%):</span></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Whole Digit kept inside and the thumb pad kept over palate, making contact with the Anterior Maxillary Teeth and the hand rests on the Mandibular Incisors.</span></span><br />
<br />
</span><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Type B (13-24%):</span></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Thumb Pad does not touch the palate vault and only makes contact with the Anteriors.</span></span><br />
<br />
</span><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Type C (18%):</span></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Thumb is kept just beyond first digit only and the contact is made only with maxillary Anteriors.</span></span><br />
<br />
</span><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Type D (6%): </span></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Only the little portion of Thumb or just tip of Thumb remains inside mouth. </span></span><br />
</span><h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> </span></span></h3>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Phases of Development</span></span></h4>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Phase I: <span style="font-weight: normal;">(Normal and Sub-Clinically Significant)</span></span></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Seen during first 3yr of age and is considered normal because it usually terminates at the end of Phase I (3rd yr).</span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Phase II: (<span style="font-weight: normal;">Clinically Significant Sucking</span>)</span></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This Phase extends between 3-6 yr of age. The presence of Habit during this period suggests some anxiety issues with the child and proper intervention should be made to solve the dental problems.</span></span><br />
</span><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Phase III: (<span style="font-weight: normal;">Intractable Sucking</span>)</span></span></h4>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Any Sucking Habit persisting beyond 5th or 6th year relates to the underlying psychological aspects of the habit. A psychologist along with the Dentist is recommended for the consultation.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
</span><h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Clinical Features</span></span></h4>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Maxillary Anterior Proclination and Retro-Mandibular Anterior Teeth.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <img alt="http://www.identalhub.com/userfiles/image/Thumb%20Sucking%20PIC4.jpg" src="http://www.identalhub.com/userfiles/image/Thumb%20Sucking%20PIC4.jpg" height="256" width="320" /></span></span><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Anterior Open Bite and Increase in the overjet. </span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <img alt="https://www.sylvainchamberland.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Habitude-de-succion-digitale-orthodontiste-chamberland-Quebec.jpg" height="90" src="https://www.sylvainchamberland.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Habitude-de-succion-digitale-orthodontiste-chamberland-Quebec.jpg" width="400" /></span></span><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Narrow Maxillary Arch due to cheek muscle contraction leading to the Posterior Open Bite.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Development of Tongue Thrust Habit.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <img alt="https://cdn.psychologytoday.com/sites/default/files/styles/article-inline-half/public/blogs/72035/2012/01/86225-82016.jpg?itok=I8KOfYul" src="https://cdn.psychologytoday.com/sites/default/files/styles/article-inline-half/public/blogs/72035/2012/01/86225-82016.jpg?itok=I8KOfYul" /></span></span><ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Upper lip is hypotonic while lower lip is hyperactive.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Management</span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>1. Psychological Approach: </b><br /><b>2. Mechanical Aids: </b> <br /><b> </b>a) Removable habit breakers</span></span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <img alt="http://32teethonline.com/habit-breaker-1.jpg" src="http://32teethonline.com/habit-breaker-1.jpg" height="212" width="320" /><br /> b) Fixed habit Breaker<b> </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <img alt="http://www.deardoctor.com/images/webcontent/thumb-and-finger-appliances/fixed-palatal-crib.jpg" src="http://www.deardoctor.com/images/webcontent/thumb-and-finger-appliances/fixed-palatal-crib.jpg" height="259" width="320" /><br /><b> </b><b> 3. Chemical Approach:</b><br /> <b>- </b>Quinine<br /> - Pepper dissolved in volatile medium<br /> - Asafoetida
</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <span style="color: red;"><u><span style="font-size: medium;">Tongue Thrust Habit</span></u></span></span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The condition in which the tongue makes contact with any teeth anterior to the molars during swallowing.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white;">Classification</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white;"> A) <u>By James Barner and Holt</u></b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white;"><br /></b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white;">Type I : Non deforming Tongue thrust</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white;">Type II : Deforming Tongue Thrust</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b> </b> Sub group 1: Anterior open bite</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Sub group 2: Anterior proclination</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Sub group 3: Posterior Crossbite</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white;">Type III: Deforming lateral tongue thrust</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b> </b></span></span></b><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> Sub group 1: Posterior open bite</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Sub group 2: Posterior crossbite</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Sub group 3: deep overbite</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b>Type IV: Deforming anterior and lateral tongue thrust</b></span></span><span style="color: red;"></span><br /><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><b> </b> Sub group 1: Anterior and posterior open bite</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Sub group 2: Anterior proclination</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Sub group 3: Posterior Crossbite</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: white;">B) <u> Simple Classification</u></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> a) Simple tongue thrust</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> b) Comple tongue thrust</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Clinical Features</b><b> </b></span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Proclination of Anterior teeth</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Anterior open bite</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Bimaxillary protrusion</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Posterior open bite in case of lateral tongue thrust</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Posterior crossbite</span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: white;">Management</b></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>a) Habit interception</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Habit breaker appliances as used in thumb sucking.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b> </b> Teaching the correct method of swallowing</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Various muscle exercises<b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: white;">b) Treatment </b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Correction of Malocclusion by removable and fixed orthodontic Appliances.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><u style="background-color: white;">Bruxism</u></span></span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">It is defined as the grinding of teeth for non-functional purposes.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Specifically Bruxism refers Nocturnal grinding while as Bruxomania is given for grinding during day time.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA2IhyphenhyphenXZVcEiaAMmTPeXFd9pEQ_ojMyvg7SVY5zBHJ8qVZ3dmAXc5k5iddPNyybAI52ws3eC47XS3e4l5LUppMROe0yRGwp7loG1i-kRRRoEhbajVjJEsFI0TDz86TV_HiWwz1XLq8N4s/s1600/Bruxism.gif" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA2IhyphenhyphenXZVcEiaAMmTPeXFd9pEQ_ojMyvg7SVY5zBHJ8qVZ3dmAXc5k5iddPNyybAI52ws3eC47XS3e4l5LUppMROe0yRGwp7loG1i-kRRRoEhbajVjJEsFI0TDz86TV_HiWwz1XLq8N4s/s1600/Bruxism.gif" /></span></span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_temporal_pattern" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_temporal_pattern" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Classification</span></span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_temporal_pattern">1. </span><b><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_temporal_pattern">Temporal pattern</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_temporal_pattern"> </span></b><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_temporal_pattern">a) Sleep Bruxism</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_temporal_pattern"> b) Awake Bruxism </span><b><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_temporal_pattern"> </span></b></span></span></div>
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_temporal_pattern"> 2. </span><b><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause">Cause</span></b></span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause"> a)</span><b><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause"> </span></b><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause">Primary Bruxism</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> b) Secondary Bruxism</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white;">Clinical Features</b></span></span></span></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Occlusal wear facets on the teeth</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Fracture of teeth</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Mobilty of teeth</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Tenderness and hypeertrophy of masticatory muscles</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Muscle pain</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">TMJ pain and discomfort</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Trismus </span></span></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white;">Treatment</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> a) Psychological Counselling</b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white;"> b)Night Guards </b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause"><b> </b></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause"><b><img alt="http://www.affordablesantafedentist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/snore-guard.jpg" src="http://www.affordablesantafedentist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/snore-guard.jpg" height="201" width="320" /> </b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause"><b><span style="color: red;"><u>Mouth Breathing</u></span></b></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause"><b><span style="color: red;"><u> </u></span></b></span></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></h3>
<div class="article_content">
<div class="field-item even" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Mouth breathing is a serious matter.
In children of growing age, it may have devastating effects on general
health and growth. Many seemingly unrelated conditions are related to
mouth breathing.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="http://myfaceology.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/mb3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="http://myfaceology.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/mb3.png" border="0" class="transparent" src="http://myfaceology.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/mb3.png" height="172" width="200" /></span></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<strong><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">CAUSES:</span></strong></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Chronic allergies,
tonsil hypertrophy, nasal polyps, deviated nasal septum, constricted
upper airways, a backward positioned lower jaw caused by thumb sucking,
excessive dummy use or insufficient suckling as an infant.</span></span><br />
<h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">
Signs in Mouth Breathers</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Long, narrow face</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Difficulty breathing through nose</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Retarded physical growth</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Dry lips</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Dark circles under eyes</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Excessive creases between lower lip and chin</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Allergies</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Smaller jaws with crowded teeth</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Swollen tonsils</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> <img alt="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/d1hyddd64q0gdpc5sdyi.jpg" src="http://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/d1hyddd64q0gdpc5sdyi.jpg" height="320" width="320" /> </span></div>
<div class="field-item even" style="text-align: left;">
<h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">
Consequences of Mouth Breathing</span></h3>
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Jaw deformity</strong><br />
The jaws and subsequently the whole facial structures grow in an
altered fashion, resulting in long faces, constricted arches, tooth
crowding, a narrowed nasal airway passage, and an altered head posture.
The lower jaw remains too far behind in its growth, producing a small
chin, dental malocclusion, a large overjet, and an unfavourable profile.
If the mouth breathing is addressed, these children can often be
treated for their malocclusions and skeletal growth discrepancies by a
dentist or orthodontist who follows a functional - orthopaedic approach.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Compromised airway</strong><br />
Caused by: 1. the lower jaw being positioned too far back, along with
the tongue, thereby constricting the upper airway. 2. Enlarged tonsils
and adenoids due to chronic allergies may be the primary cause for mouth
breathing; however mouth breathing in itself will also cause a further
increase in tonsil size, thus constricting the airway to such an extent,
that normal nasal breathing becomes an impossibility.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Altered head, neck and body posture</strong><br />
The unnatural and unphysiological process of breathing through the
mouth, which in many children looks like they are "gasping" for air,
produces a reflex forward head posture. This puts a large load on the
upper back and neck muscles, which if sustained, will cause permanent
posture changes, such as abnormal curvatures in the cervical and
thoracic vertebrae, and an altered shoulder posture. Ultimately, we see a
domino effect affecting hips, knees and feet. In adults, Jaw joint
dysfunction (TMJ problems).</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Bad breath and gum disease</strong><br /> Caused by the shift in the bacterial flora in the mouth.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Lowered immune system and poor health</strong><br />
Nasal breathing produces a tissue hormone that regulates normal blood
circulation. It also filters, warms and moisturizes the air. The lack of
oxygen in mouth breathers, who usually snore at night and struggle for
air, weakens the immune system, disrupts deep sleep cycles, and
interferes with growth hormone production.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)</strong><br />
In newborns, this is thought by many researchers to be related to SIDS,
or Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. In children, this is manifested as
snoring, bed-wetting, poor quality of sleep, obesity, and ultimately
behavioural symptoms resembling ADHD.<br /> In adults, OSA is a silent
killer. Snoring is a manifestation of a blocked airway, which in essence
is a milder version of sleep apnoea. Most snorers, however, may not be
aware that they may be suffering from OSA. On average, snorers are more
likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease and stroke, and carry an
increased risk for obesity, high blood pressure, stroke, severe
obstructive sleep apnea, and diabetes.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><strong>Poor performance</strong><br />
The same lack of oxygen and other hormonal factors make these children
tend to be overweight, tired, and not perform well at school. Physically
they are not athletic.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Mouth breathing in children should
be addressed as soon as possible by consulting a physician, a dentist, a
myofunctional therapist or an ENT specialist, who are experienced in
treating this condition.</span><br />
<h3>
<u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Management in Mouth Breathers</span></u></h3>
<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">
Allergy elimination</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Screening and elimination of allergens: Pollen, Fungi, Animal dander, chemicals. Evaluate heavy metal burden.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">
Nutritional guidelines</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Cow’s
milk and dairy products should be eliminated from the diet. Avoid foods
with preservatives, dyes, artificial sweeteners, refined sugars and
other additives. Screen for yeast intolerance or gluten allergy. Beware
of soy milk.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">
Physical therapy and exercise</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Craniosacral,
osteopathic and massage therapy encourage circulation of blood, lymph,
and cerebrospinal fluid, as well as unblocking energy channels. Daily
exercise done breathing through the nose. Exercise produces adrenaline,
is a natural antidote to histamine.</span><br />
<h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">
Nose breathing exercises</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The aim is to encourage a lip seal to achieve:</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Air
flow through the nasal cavity, which will automatically enlarge the
airway passages through the nose and will improve the quality of air. It
will also stimulate nitric oxide tissue hormone production for improved
blood circulation and immune function.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Increased muscle tone of the muscles around the mouth, which are weakened due to the chronic mouth open posture.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Stimulation of a correct craniofacial and jaw growth pattern.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">A
good way of doing this is to get the child to hold a thin piece of
stick between the lips twice a day. Start with five minute increments
each time, and increase the interval by one minute every day. Keep a
written log of this schedule and make sure it is not interrupted. Follow
this schedule until you achieve 30 minutes twice a day. After this add a
third time into the daily schedule. Try to coincide these sessions with
homework or TV watching, so the effort in keeping the lips together is
on a subconscious level, and is more tolerable.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" id="table37" role="presentation" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><h3>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: 700;">Pacifiers Sucking</span></u></span></span></span></h3>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: 700;"></span></span></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">The
consequences of extensive use of a pacifier are similar to that of
finger and thumb sucking but not as pronounced. The pacifier habit
tends to end earlier than digital habits because they are easier to lose
intentionally or non-intentionally. 90% are ended before 5 years of
age and 100% by age 8. The earlier the pacifier is removed the greater
the chance of the dentofacial changes self correcting.</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: center;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" id="table40" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="Image: Child with pacifier in mouth." border="0" src="http://media.dentalcare.com/images/en-US/education/ce352/fig51.jpg" height="180" width="200" /></span></span></td><td></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="Image: Pacifier damage to teeth." border="0" src="http://media.dentalcare.com/images/en-US/education/ce352/fig52.jpg" height="180" width="200" /></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><h3>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: 700;">Lip Habits</span></u></span></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Lip
licking is the most common lip habit. The most common clinical effects
are inflamed chap lips exhibiting an erythematous wide border
encircling the lips with normal skin area just around the vermillion
border. Severe lip licking, with the lower lip tucked behind the
maxillary incisors, places excessive lingually directed forces on the
mandibular teeth and facial forces on the maxillary teeth, resulting in
retro-inclination of the mandibular incisors, proclination of the
maxillary incisors and increased overjet. There is little that can be
done to stop the habit, however, the irritated areas can be controlled
with the application of steroids, antibacterial and antifungal
ointments.</span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: left;" valign="top"><div style="text-align: center;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" id="table41" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody>
<tr><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="Image: Lip licking" border="0" src="http://media.dentalcare.com/images/en-US/education/ce352/fig53a.jpg" height="100" width="200" /></span></span></td><td></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></span></td><td><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><img alt="Image: Lip sucking" border="0" src="http://media.dentalcare.com/images/en-US/education/ce352/fig53b.jpg" height="100" width="200" /></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><b style="background-color: white;"> <span style="color: red;"><u>Nail Biting</u></span></b></span></span></span></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Onychophagia</b> (also <b>onychophagy</b>) or <b>nail biting</b>, is an oral compulsive habit and is sometimes described as a parafunctional activity.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause" style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> <img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nail_and_cuticle_bitting.JPG/450px-Nail_and_cuticle_bitting.JPG" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nail_and_cuticle_bitting.JPG/450px-Nail_and_cuticle_bitting.JPG" width="240" /> </b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nail biting is also related to oral problems, such as gingival injury, and malocclusion of the anterior teeth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid23358880_2-4"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_biting#cite_note-pmid23358880-2"></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18675214_5-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_biting#cite_note-pmid18675214-5"></a></sup> It can also transfer pinworms or bacteria buried under the surface of the nail from the anus region to the mouth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid23358880_2-5"></sup> When the bitten-off nails are swallowed, stomach problems can develop<sup>.</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid18675214_5-1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_biting#cite_note-pmid18675214-5"></a></sup></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Nail-biting is also associated to guilt and shame feelings in the nail biter, a reduced quality of life, and increased stigmatization in the inner family circles or at a more societal level.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Treatment </span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The most common treatment, which is cheap and widely available, is to apply a clear, bitter-tasting nail polish to the nails. Normally denatonium benzoate is used, the most bitter chemical compound known. The bitter flavor discourages the nail-biting habit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pmid8881096_11-0"></sup></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><b>Behavioral therapy</b> is beneficial when simpler measures are not effective. Habit Reversal Training
(HRT), which seeks to unlearn the habit of nail biting and possibly
replace it with a more constructive habit, has shown its effectiveness
versus placebo in children and adults.</span><br />
<br />
<div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification_by_cause"></span></b></span></span></div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-70757782237866411692014-12-21T00:34:00.000-08:002014-12-21T00:36:11.182-08:00Emerging trends in dentistry: odontogenesis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Advancements in the dental field have surpassed many expectations and include CAD/CAM, dental implants, all porcelain crowns, and many more and have allowed patients to have more options during the treatment planning phase. Some of these procedures are time-saving and decrease the amount of invasive treatment such as an implant to the adjacent tooth structure. The next big advancements deal with the potential to regrow a tooth using mesenchymal cells. If this technique proves successful with predictable outcomes, then it has the potential to revolutionize the face of dentistry.</div>
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There is a natural production of stem cells in teeth at the periodontal ligaments. The ability to implant them into the oral cavity and expect growth may seem like a Sci-Fi movie but it’s today’s reality. With the latest uses of stem cells in modern medicine it may not be as shocking. Most of these artificial organs are made outside of the body and transplanted into or on the desired area which can generate complications and risk (<a href="https://www.dentalaegis.com/idt/2014/07/nanofrontiers" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a93cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">source</a>). Thus question is posed: can we grow replacement parts within the body? This research is currently being done at Harvard University. Don Ingber, MD, PhD and founding director of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard posed this question that drove his team to find an artificial gel-like material. This material must have the potential to mimic the actions of embryonic mechanisms to shape organs and allow of the reconstruction of new teeth but also other important tissues and organs (<a href="https://www.dentalaegis.com/idt/2014/07/nanofrontiers" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a93cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">source</a>). There is still little knowledge on the actual mechanism of how mesenchymal condensation is controlled and how cell condense cause cell fate switching but this mechanism is important in embryonic tissues which use this physical process for many bodily organs (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21924961" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a93cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">source</a>).</div>
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The problem lies with the lack of an ideal study model under controlled conditions but the research team was able to use mouse embryos (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21924961" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a93cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">source</a>). They discovered that condensation occurs when the mesenchyme cells tissue layers locates near the layer of epithelial cells and release cytokines to trigger the process of producing a tooth. This leads to the induction of mesenchymal to condense at desired location where tooth will be generated. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21924961" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.298039); box-sizing: border-box; color: #0a93cc; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Dr. Igber’s group</a> made the discovery that the physical compression causes the mesenchymal cells to activate that transcription of certain genes to start odontogenesis. The potential difficulty lies with how to artificially induce the physical compression without damaging the mesenchymal cells. The research team was set on founding a material that would encapsulate the mesenchymal cells and shrink plus compress at body temperatures similar to embryonic cells. They developed a sponge-like material from a gel-formed polymer that has been used to deliver drugs to the body. They implanted the gel with success into a mouse kidney capsule due to the amount of blood supply which started to” lay down mineralized tissue of a natural tooth.” Dr. Ingber added that the mesenchymal cells require the presence of epithelial tissue and can’t perform this process alone.</div>
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Although this research is very promising it is still in the early stage of pre-clinical trials. They still have yet to begin Phase I clinical trials which is carried out to prove no harm will be done to patients. In addition the team must file an Investigational New Drug (IND) application form with the FDA and have the Harvard University institutional review board approve the transition to clinical trials. Thus traditional dentistry has a while before it will be impacted by the findings of Dr. Ingber and questions always arise about the cost to patients of new discoveries. This is an intriguing article, and the potential future of the dental field is increasing the ability to treat patients in the most non-invasive, cost effective manner.</div>
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source: <a href="http://www.asdablog.com/emerging-trends-in-dentistry-odontogenesis/" target="_blank">American Students Dental Association</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-47624172972336272102014-12-03T08:51:00.001-08:002014-12-03T08:51:31.310-08:00RESEARCH SHOWS Cavities Are Contagious<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay, is the single most common chronic childhood disease. In fact, it is an infectious disease, new research demonstrates. Mothers with cavities can transmit caries-producing oral bacteria to their babies when they clean pacifiers by sticking them in their own mouths or by sharing spoons.<br />
Despite your mother’s finger-wagging, sugar-laden candy bars aren’t the only cause of cavities. Tooth decay actually results when bacteria in your mouth feed on food debris (starchy, sticky foods are a primary culprit) and produce acid as a byproduct. This mix of food, acid, saliva, and germs clings to your teeth as a filmy substance called plaque, which can erode teeth enamel and cause cavities to form.<br />
No matter what you eat, cavities won't form without the help of such bacteria. These germs can spread from mouth to mouth via shared food and utensils, sneezing, kissing, and more, so making cavities contagious.<br />
Parents should make their own oral health care a priority in order to help their children stay healthy.<br />
<br />
According to Liliana Rozo, D.D.S., assistant profesor, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, tooth decay can have a detrimental effect on a child's quality of life, performance in school and success in life. The disease can cause pain, inability to chew food well, embarrassment about discolored or damaged teeth, and distraction from play and learning.<br />
The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) encourages parents to find a dental home for their baby as soon as the child's first tooth erupts. Regular visits to a pediatric dentist will help parents become familiar with their child's dental and oral health milestones. They'll inform parents about teething, proper oral hygiene habits, normal tooth development, and trauma prevention. Nutritional counseling also will be a part of the discussion.<br />
Often, Rozo said, parents do not make the connection between oral health and overall health, but they are related. The mouth is an open door for many microbial infections to enter the bloodstream. Poor oral health may be a risk factor for systemic disease. Oral health manifestations, such as bleeding or dry mouth can indicate the presence of a systemic disease or exacerbate the effects of an existing disease such as diabetes and heart disease.<br />
<br />
Thus Turns out, you can spread cavity-causing bacteria — especially to young kids.<br />
<br />
So does this mean you should avoid smooching with someone who has a horrible track record at the dentist? Not for dental health reasons, at least: As an adult, you're far less susceptible to bacteria spread than children because they haven’t built up immunity yet.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Here are some of the Tips for preventing the Caries and Cavity in your Family:</h4>
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1• Go to the dentist. </div>
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2• Use a heavy-duty mouth rinse.<br />
<br />
3• Chew sugar-free gums<br />
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4• Don’t overshare the Food Utensils<br />
<br />
5• Cover your mouth<br />
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6• Be a good dental patient.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Story Source:</h3>
The above story is based on research material provided by <a href="http://louisville.edu/uofltoday/campus-news/cavities-are-contagious" target="_blank">University of Louisville.</a> <span id="goog_489097602"></span><span id="goog_489097603"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a> The original article was written by Julie Heflin.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-79403726531920491392014-11-22T21:27:00.001-08:002014-11-22T21:51:59.004-08:00Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) / Oral Cancer Important Facts To Know<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
HPV oral and oropharyngeal cancers are harder to discover than tobacco related<br />
cancers because the symptoms are not always obvious to the individual who is developing the disease, or to professionals that are<br />
looking for it. They can be very subtle<br />
and painless. A dentist or doctor<br />
should evaluate any symptoms that<br />
you are concerned with, and certainly<br />
anything that has persisted for two or<br />
more weeks. Although there are many<br />
adjunctive oral cancer screening<br />
devices and tests, not all of them can<br />
find HPV positive oral and<br />
oropharyngeal cancers. The best way<br />
to screen for HPV related oral and<br />
oropharyngeal cancer today is through<br />
a visual and tactile exam given by a<br />
medical or dental professional, who will<br />
also do an oral history taking to ask<br />
about signs and symptoms that cover<br />
things that are not visible or palpable.<br />
Like other cancer screenings you<br />
engage in, such as cervical, skin,<br />
prostate, colon and breast<br />
examinations, opportunistic oral cancer<br />
screenings are an effective means of<br />
finding cancer at its early, highly<br />
curable stages. However like many<br />
other cancer screening techniques, this<br />
process is not 100% effective, and any<br />
screening technique or technology can<br />
miss things. This is why it is so<br />
important that persistent problems,<br />
those which do not resolve in a short<br />
period of time like 2-3 weeks, are<br />
pursued until a definitive diagnosis of<br />
what it is is established. Most of the<br />
time these will be issues that are not<br />
cancer, but persistent problems need to<br />
be addressed, cancer or not.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
HPV FACTS:</h3>
• HPV is the most common sexually<br />
transmitted virus and infection in<br />
the US.<br />
<br />
• There are nearly 200 different<br />
strains of HPV, most of which are<br />
harmless and not cancer causing.<br />
<br />
• Out of all these 9 are known to<br />
cause cancers, and another 6 are<br />
suspected of causing cancers. In<br />
oral cancers we are primarily<br />
concerned with number 16 which<br />
is also associated with cervical,<br />
anal, and penile cancers.<br />
<br />
• You can have HPV without ever<br />
knowing it because the virus often<br />
has no signs or symptoms that you<br />
will notice, and the immune<br />
response to clear it is not a<br />
process that you will be aware of.<br />
<br />
• Every day in the US, about 12,000<br />
people ages 15 to 24 are infected<br />
with HPV. The vast majority of<br />
them will clear the virus naturally<br />
and never know that they were<br />
exposed or had it.<br />
<br />
• If you test positive for HPV, there is<br />
no sure way to know when you<br />
were infected with HPV, or who<br />
gave it to you. A person can have<br />
HPV for many years, even<br />
decades, before it is detected or it<br />
develops into something serious<br />
like a cancer. In the vast majority<br />
of infected people, even with a<br />
high risk version of HPV known to<br />
cause cancers, they will not<br />
develop cancer.<br />
<br />
• Testing positive for an HPV<br />
infection does not mean that you<br />
or your partner is having sex<br />
outside of your relationship. It is<br />
believed to have long periods of<br />
inactivity or dormancy that may<br />
even cover decades; these are<br />
periods of time that you will test<br />
negative for it.<br />
<br />
• Sexual partners who have been<br />
together for a while tend to share<br />
HPV. This means that the partner<br />
of someone who tests positive for<br />
HPV likely has HPV already, even<br />
though they may have no signs or<br />
symptoms. Like most Americans,<br />
their immune system will clear it in<br />
under 2 years.<br />
<br />
• Condoms may lower your chances<br />
of contracting or passing the virus<br />
to your sexual partners, if used all<br />
the time and the right way.<br />
<br />
However, HPV can infect areas that<br />
are not covered by a condom- so<br />
condoms may not fully protect<br />
against HPV.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
HPV AND ORAL CANCER:</h3>
• HPV is the leading cause of<br />
oropharyngeal cancers (the very<br />
back of the mouth and part of what<br />
in lay terms might be called a part<br />
of the throat), and a very small<br />
number of front of the mouth, oral<br />
cavity cancers. HPV16 is the<br />
version most responsible, and<br />
affects both males and females.<br />
<br />
• In public messages for simplicity,<br />
OCF frequently speaks about oral<br />
cancers in general. Scientifically,<br />
this is really anatomically divided<br />
up into the oral cavity and the<br />
oropharynx. Each anatomical site<br />
has different statistics, etiologies<br />
which dominate that location, and<br />
outcomes from treatment. The<br />
fastest growing segment of the oral<br />
and oropharyngeal cancer<br />
population are otherwise healthy,<br />
non-smokers in the 25-50 age<br />
range. When you consider both<br />
anatomical sites, HPV is driving<br />
the growth in numbers of oral<br />
cancers.<br />
<br />
• White, non-smoking males age 35<br />
to 55 are most at risk, 4 to 1 over<br />
females.<br />
<br />
• In the oral/oropharyngeal<br />
environment, HPV16 manifests<br />
itself primarily in the posterior<br />
regions such as the base of the<br />
tongue, the back of the throat, the<br />
tonsils, the tonsillar crypts, and<br />
tonsillar pillars.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
RISK FACTORS:</h3>
• Number of sexual partners- The<br />
greater your number of sexual<br />
partners, the more likely you are to<br />
contract a genital HPV infection;<br />
and when engaging in oral sex, this<br />
also holds true for oral infections.<br />
Having sex with a partner who has<br />
had multiple sex partners also<br />
increases your risk.<br />
<br />
• Weakened Immune Systems-<br />
People who have weakened<br />
immune systems are at greater risk<br />
of HPV infections. Immune<br />
systems can be weakened by HIV/<br />
AIDS or by immune system-<br />
suppressing drugs used after<br />
organ transplants.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
ORAL CANCER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:</h3>
• This list considers both oral cancers<br />
from HPV and those from tobacco and<br />
alcohol.<br />
<br />
• An ulcer or sore that does not heal<br />
within 2-3 weeks<br />
<br />
• Difficult or painful swallowing<br />
<br />
• Pain when chewing<br />
<br />
• A persistent sore throat or hoarse<br />
voice<br />
<br />
• A swelling or lump in the mouth<br />
<br />
• A painless lump felt on the outside<br />
of the neck, which has been there<br />
for at least two weeks.<br />
<br />
• A numb feeling in the mouth or lips<br />
<br />
• Constant coughing<br />
<br />
• An ear ache on one side<br />
(unilateral) which persists for more<br />
than a few days.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
How do people get HPV?</h4>
• HPV is passed on through genital<br />
contact, most often during vaginal,<br />
anal and oral sex.<br />
<br />
• You are more likely to get HPV if<br />
you have many sex partners or a<br />
sex partner who has had many<br />
partners.<br />
<br />
• Many people don’t have symptoms<br />
and are unaware that they have<br />
HPV.<br />
<br />
• The virus may be inactive for<br />
weeks, months and for some<br />
people possibly even years after<br />
infection.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
What does that mean for my health?</h4>
Partners usually share HPV. If you have<br />
been with your partner for a long time,<br />
you probably have HPV already.<br />
Although HPV is the most commonly<br />
transferred sexual infection, in most<br />
people it is cleared by the immune<br />
system in under 2 years. Individuals<br />
with persistent infections are at risk for<br />
several types of cancers depending on<br />
the location of the infection. When<br />
considering the entire US population of<br />
over 300 million people, the incidence<br />
rate of oral cancers from it are still<br />
relatively rare mathematically.<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
How common is HPV?</h4>
HPV is the most commonly sexually<br />
transmitted infection. The CDC<br />
estimates that there are 6.2 million new<br />
infections each year in the United<br />
States. The vast majority of Americans<br />
will have some form of HPV early in<br />
their sexual experiences. Since it is so<br />
common, there is nothing to be<br />
ashamed about. If you are diagnosed<br />
with HPV, talk to your health care<br />
provider about it. HPV's are divided<br />
into 9 high risk types and more than<br />
150 others that either cause benign<br />
warts, or do nothing at all that we know<br />
of at all.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
How do I know if i have HPV?</h4>
The only way to know if you have an<br />
HPV infection is if your health care<br />
provider tests you for the virus. For<br />
females, in relationship to cervical<br />
discovery, this may be done directly<br />
from the Pap test cervical exam or by<br />
using an additional swab at the time of<br />
the Pap test. The CDC now<br />
recommends an HPV test for women<br />
along with the pap test as a matter of<br />
routine. Oral HPV testing in both men<br />
and women is problematic. While there<br />
have been some commercial tests<br />
available in the dental community, the<br />
value of this testing is not clear, and<br />
testing positive on any given day for an<br />
oral HPV does not prove persistence of<br />
the infection, which is what we are<br />
really concerned about. There are no<br />
visible oral signs of an HPV infection.<br />
There are also no established genital<br />
tests for men. There are anal brush<br />
cytology tests for those that engage in<br />
anal sexual practices. Those tests can<br />
be early predictors of HPV caused anal<br />
cancers.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Is there a cure for HPV?</h4>
There is no cure for the virus. Most of<br />
the time, HPV goes away by itself<br />
within two years and does not cause<br />
health problems. It is only when HPV<br />
stays in the body for many years that it<br />
might cause these oral cancers. Even<br />
then, it is a very small number of<br />
people that will have an HPV infection<br />
cascade all the way into an oral<br />
malignancy, though that number is<br />
increasing every year by about 10%. It<br />
is not known why HPV goes away in<br />
most, but not all cases. For unknown<br />
reasons there is a small percentage of<br />
the population whose immune system<br />
does not recognize this as a threat and<br />
it is allowed to prosper. Although HPV<br />
can increase the risk of developing<br />
some types of cancer, most people who<br />
have HPV do NOT develop cancer.<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
HPV VACCINES</h4>
Two vaccines known as Gardasil and<br />
Cervarix protect against the strains of<br />
HPV that cause cervical cancers<br />
(HPV16 and 18), Garadsil also protects<br />
against two versions that cause genital<br />
warts (HPV6 and 11). Millions of young<br />
girls in the US and in developed<br />
countries around the world have been<br />
safely vaccinated with an HPV vaccine.<br />
Because the original clinical trials were<br />
done on cervical cancers, the FDA<br />
restricts the manufacturers from talking<br />
about other positive implications of<br />
these vaccines. Since they block people<br />
from ever getting HPV16, it is not much<br />
of a scientific leap to extrapolate that<br />
to "if you can't get the virus, you can't<br />
get things the virus might cause". Using<br />
this logic, many in the science<br />
community recommend vaccinating to<br />
protect people from the various<br />
different cancers associated with the<br />
virus such as oropharyngeal. The<br />
foundation also believes this to be<br />
worth doing, and has advocated at the<br />
CDC for vaccination of boys, not only to<br />
help reach the point of "herd immunity"<br />
in our country protecting our next<br />
generation from HPV caused cervical<br />
cancers, but also other HPV cancers as<br />
well including oropharyngeal.<br />
The National Advisory Committee on<br />
Immunization Practices recommends<br />
routine HPV vaccination for girls ages<br />
11 and 12, as well as girls and women<br />
ages 13 to 26 if they haven’t received<br />
the vaccine already. The Gardasil<br />
vaccine has also been approved for<br />
use in boys and men, 9 through 26<br />
years old. These vaccines are most<br />
effective if given to children before they<br />
become sexually active. If you have<br />
already been exposed to HPV, the<br />
vaccines will not for work you. So<br />
vaccination at pre-sexual ages brings<br />
the most protection.<br />
<br />
Courtesy: <a href="http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/hpv/hpv-oral-cancer-facts.php" target="_blank">ORAL CANCER FOUNDATION</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-30700813209998596472014-11-22T11:54:00.000-08:002014-11-22T11:54:13.899-08:00Competitive Swimmers May be at Higher Risk for Tooth Decay<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Competitive swimmers are incredibly<br />
underestimated athletes. Society<br />
portrays male professional basketball<br />
and football players as some of the<br />
“toughest” athletes. But what about the<br />
grueling training regime competitive<br />
swimmers must endure every day? Not<br />
to mention, the constant smell of<br />
chlorine, dry-skin and often<br />
permanent goggle rings around the<br />
eyes (not the most attractive qualities).<br />
Competitive swimmers also have a<br />
bond unlike any other athlete. Every<br />
ASDA meeting I attend, I meet<br />
somebody new who understands the<br />
saying “Chlorine: It’s what’s for<br />
breakfast.” A recent study has<br />
revealed that particular “breakfast” is<br />
harmful to your teeth. The study<br />
monitored 100 competitive swimmers<br />
in India, finding that 90% of these<br />
athletes showed some form of enamel<br />
erosion. The level of erosion and<br />
sensitivity was found to be directly<br />
proportional to the amount of time<br />
spent in the pool.<br />
Chlorine is one contributing factor to<br />
enamel erosion. The pH level of the<br />
pool is also at fault. The lower the pH,<br />
the more likely your eyes will burn<br />
and your pearly whites will erode.<br />
The chemical levels of public pools is<br />
often beyond our control. If you or one<br />
of your patients is training for a<br />
triathlon or you work with children<br />
who spend a lot of time in the pool, be<br />
sure to reinforce oral hygiene<br />
instructions and regular dental check-<br />
ups.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
~<i>Katie Sowa,</i> Houston ’15, editor-in-<br />
chief, ASDAblog<br />
<br />
<br />
Courtesy: <a href="http://www.asdablog.com/competitive-swimmers-may-be-at-higher-risk-for-deca/" target="_blank">American Students Dental Association</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-67132329261946184202014-11-22T11:44:00.000-08:002014-11-22T11:46:02.302-08:00Is Root Canal Treatment Painful?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Most patients having a root canal do not find it to be a painful procedure . Most Dentists have a great deal of experience in getting teeth anesthetized.<br />
If I am starting a root canal and my initial<br />
attempt(s) at achieving anesthesia are<br />
incomplete, there are a number of additional injection options available , including intraligamental,intrapulpal and intraosseous anesthesia.<br />
Assuming that my initial block or infiltration anesthetic was not entirely effective, I find that intraligamental injections are my favorite<br />
technique to make a root canal pt comfortable.<br />
Intraligamental injections usually are best<br />
achieved when a dentist uses a special<br />
intraligamental syringe that delivers a few drops of anesthesia under pressure at the four corners of a tooth. When properly administered, this type<br />
of anesthesia will make a patient comfortable<br />
during their root canal . The only draw back is that occasionally teeth given an intraligamental<br />
injection become slightly tender for a day or two when a patient applys chewing pressure.<br />
<br />
<br />
Courtesy:<a href="http://lspindelnycdds.blogspot.com.es/2014/07/is-having-root-canal-painful.html?m=1" target="_blank">Ask Dr. Spindel</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-65949690279572285882014-11-22T11:26:00.001-08:002014-11-22T11:26:24.602-08:00DENTAL STEM CELL RESEARCH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Dental professionals are very excited<br />
because scientists have found that our<br />
teeth contain valuable stem cells that, if<br />
properly stored, could potentially hold the<br />
cure to a number of diseases, like<br />
Parkinson’s, diabetes, and cancer, and with the future potential to help heal spinal cord injuries, as well.<br />
Stem cell research has been immersed in<br />
controversy over the years for many<br />
reasons, with the main issues including the following:<br />
• Embryonic stem cells carry technical<br />
and ethical challenges.<br />
• Bone marrow stem cells are very painful<br />
to collect.<br />
• Cord blood stem cells can only be<br />
harvested at birth.<br />
<br />
However, with the discovery of stem cells in teeth, an accessible and readily available source of stem cells has been identified.<br />
What’s more, dental stem cells are very<br />
convenient to collect, while possessing<br />
similar benefits for the development of new restorative medical therapies.<br />
Extracting teeth poses a much lower risk<br />
than harvesting stem cells via more<br />
invasive surgical procedures, and patients also experience far fewer complications.<br />
Dentists can now be at the forefront of<br />
regenerative medicine, and also serve as a valuable ally to the medical and research communities.<br />
Dental stem cell research, collection, and<br />
storage are gaining strong momentum in<br />
the dental industry. For example, the<br />
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry<br />
(AAPD) Council on Clinical Affairs published a policy on stem cells that contained this statement:<br />
<br />
The American Academy of Pediatric<br />
Dentistry recognizes the emerging field of<br />
regenerative medicine and encourages<br />
dentists to follow future evidence-based<br />
literature in order to educate parents about the collection, storage, viability, and use of dental stem cells with respect to<br />
autologous regenerative therapies.<br />
A child’s tooth under the pillow may be<br />
worth a buck, but that same tooth, properly collected and stored, will be far more valuable in the future.<br />
<br />
Courtesy: <a href="http://www.thedentalgeek.com/2011/12/dental-stem-cell-research/" target="_blank">The Dental Geek</a></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-39138631400337479302014-11-22T10:07:00.000-08:002014-11-22T10:38:10.145-08:00Tooth Impaction and Wisdom Teeth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<br />
An IMPACTED TOOTH is one that fails to erupt into the dental arch within the specific time. Because impacted teeth do not erupt, they are retained throughout the individual's lifetime unless extracted or exposed surgically. Teeth may become impacted because of adjacent teeth, dense overlying bone, excessive soft tissue or a genetic abnormality. Most often, the cause of impaction is inadequate arch length and space in which to erupt. That is the total length of the alveolar arch is smaller than the tooth arch (the combined mesiodistal width of each tooth). The third molars are frequently impacted because they are the last teeth to erupt in the oral cavity. Mandibular third molars are more commonly impacted than their maxillary counterparts. As a general rule, all impacted teeth must be removed unless otherwise contraindicated.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuOjNe-GMjlFiZyTPT0wP0y-IW3HQF8nhClGtt1FihJpqt8trMrPoSlpM-HcBC8JPDa0ae5iduf1GRY2NiS8VHkKYzk8nRW1vlIp8wy0fJbppTd0bPvhQymLvRjvmFLpERQ4pqtcTbkkQg/s1600/1506492_811222538920134_1868499763327608006_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuOjNe-GMjlFiZyTPT0wP0y-IW3HQF8nhClGtt1FihJpqt8trMrPoSlpM-HcBC8JPDa0ae5iduf1GRY2NiS8VHkKYzk8nRW1vlIp8wy0fJbppTd0bPvhQymLvRjvmFLpERQ4pqtcTbkkQg/s1600/1506492_811222538920134_1868499763327608006_n.jpg" height="315" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Horizontal Impaction of 3rd Molar.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u>CLASSIFICATION</u></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Classifications enable the oral surgeon to determine the difficulty in removal of the impacted tooth. The primary factor determining the difficulty is accessibility, which is determined by adjacent teeth or other structures that impair access or delivery pathway. The majority of classification schemes are based on analysis on a radiograph. The most frequently considered factors are discussed below.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Angulation of teeth</h4>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Most commonly used classification system with respect to treatment planning. Depending on the angulation the tooth might be classified as:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">1. Mesioangular</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">2. Horizontal</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">3. Vertical</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">4. Distoangular</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">5. Palatal</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">6. Buccal</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">7. Lingual</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_MDiCCs60rnhhKw8onvewijLVPuSIafkn43mtVrEON3ePq5dJnnQd8lBb49aTzhdZ78p9VTFO_m7kD16TMQ2kmvmA_tQsL3_-YhkqKqlFeY3vYVJCZ-n1XOxM0ztTxblG0QIKfkHU0x4/s1600/img_glossary_w7-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_MDiCCs60rnhhKw8onvewijLVPuSIafkn43mtVrEON3ePq5dJnnQd8lBb49aTzhdZ78p9VTFO_m7kD16TMQ2kmvmA_tQsL3_-YhkqKqlFeY3vYVJCZ-n1XOxM0ztTxblG0QIKfkHU0x4/s1600/img_glossary_w7-1.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Teeth start to pass through the gums (emerge) during infancy, and again when the primary (baby) teeth are replaced by the permanent teeth.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">If a tooth fails to emerge, or emerges only partially, it is considered to be impacted. The most common teeth to become impacted are the wisdom teeth (the third set of molars). They are the last teeth to emerge, usually between the ages of 17 and 21.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">An impacted tooth remains stuck in gum tissue or bone for various reasons. It may be that the area is just overcrowded and there's no room for the teeth to emerge. For example, the jaw may be too small to fit the wisdom teeth. Teeth may also become twisted, tilted, or displaced as they try to emerge, resulting in impacted teeth.</span><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Impacted wisdom teeth are very common. They are often painless and cause no apparent trouble. However, some professionals believe an impacted tooth pushes on the next tooth, which pushes the next tooth, eventually causing a misalignment of the bite. A partially emerged tooth can trap food, plaque, and other debris in the soft tissue around it, leading to inflammation and tenderness of the gums and unpleasant mouth odor. This is called pericoronitis.</span></h4>
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Symptoms</h4>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Bad breath</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Difficulty opening the mouth (occasionally)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Pain or tenderness of the gums (gingiva) or jaw bone</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Prolonged headache or jaw ache</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Redness and swelling of the gums around the impacted tooth</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Swollen lymph nodes of the neck (occasionally)</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Unpleasant taste when biting down on or near the area</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Visible gap where a tooth did not emerge.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifOY6Q_0L0I7xZFI7I4FixwvaKNOTBEAJNF-BEmWhdVGJ-8YBDebVU9kwgE2wFWLUcCMHpdKphRVF8B21DviC6vYUZqHrAW5jdOZiW-H9vVuLuQi1MKwKnpGZGa9zGd03tOb0D3QaZvwZV/s1600/impacted-wisdom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifOY6Q_0L0I7xZFI7I4FixwvaKNOTBEAJNF-BEmWhdVGJ-8YBDebVU9kwgE2wFWLUcCMHpdKphRVF8B21DviC6vYUZqHrAW5jdOZiW-H9vVuLuQi1MKwKnpGZGa9zGd03tOb0D3QaZvwZV/s1600/impacted-wisdom.jpg" height="214" width="320" /></a> </div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Tests and Examination</h4>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Your dentist will look for swollen tissue over the area where a tooth has not emerged, or has only partially emerged. The impacted tooth may be pressing on nearby teeth. The gums around the area may show signs of infection such as redness, drainage, and tenderness. As gums swell over impacted wisdom teeth and then drain and tighten, it may feel like the tooth came in and then went back down again.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Dental x-rays confirm the presence of one or more teeth that have not emerged.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Treatment</h4>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">No treatment may be needed if the impacted tooth is not causing any problems.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Over-the-counter pain relievers may help if the impacted tooth causes discomfort. Warm salt water (one-half teaspoon of salt in one cup of water) or over-the-counter mouthwashes may be soothing to the gums.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Removal of the tooth (extraction) is the usual treatment for an impacted tooth. This is usually done in the dentist's office, but difficult cases may require an oral surgeon. Antibiotics may be prescribed before the extraction if the tooth is infected.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
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<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Prognosis</h4>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Impacted teeth may cause no problems for some people and may never require treatment. Treatment is usually successful when it does cause symptoms.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">It is often preferable to have wisdom teeth removed before age 30 due to the flexibility of bone, which will allow an easier removal and better healing. As a person ages, the bone becomes more rigid and complications can develop.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Complications</h4>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Complications of an impacted tooth include:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Abscess of the tooth or gums</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Chronic discomfort in the mouth</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Infection</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Malocclusion of the teeth</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Plaque trapped between teeth and gums</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<u>WISDOM TEETH</u></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWdtqG_UStTzUqfiyo3hppDdd1BdhbGUkQqaPEwyASX5WdtZdYO5ABYC7axG8qNDwcKo-SzQFuN299-2ITZxkPqkE3V5eiVfW7oxB7SCO0DYtqtzTaa15GtiAeoRnnyFd5NgiP3m17hfQq/s1600/DSC_1229.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWdtqG_UStTzUqfiyo3hppDdd1BdhbGUkQqaPEwyASX5WdtZdYO5ABYC7axG8qNDwcKo-SzQFuN299-2ITZxkPqkE3V5eiVfW7oxB7SCO0DYtqtzTaa15GtiAeoRnnyFd5NgiP3m17hfQq/s1600/DSC_1229.jpg" height="320" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Horizontal Impaction Of Mandibular Left 3rd Molar</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<u><br /></u></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Wisdom teeth are the third and final set of molars that most people get in their late teens or early twenties. Sometimes these teeth can be a valuable asset to the mouth when healthy and properly aligned, but more often, they are misaligned and require removal.<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">When wisdom teeth are misaligned, they may position themselves horizontally, be angled toward or away from the second molars, or be angled inward or outward. Poor alignment of wisdom teeth can crowd or damage adjacent teeth, the jawbone, or nerves. </span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Wisdom teeth may not need to be removed if they are:<br />
<br /></div>
— Healthy<br />
<br />
— Grown in completely (fully erupted)<br />
<br />
— Positioned correctly and biting properly with their opposite teeth<br />
<br />
— Able to be cleaned as part of daily hygiene practices.<br />
<br />
Many times, however, wisdom teeth — the third molars in the very back of your mouth — don't have room to grow properly and can cause problems. Erupting wisdom teeth can grow at<br />
various angles in the jaw, sometimes even horizontally.<br />
Sometimes wisdom teeth only partially emerge through the gums. Other times, they remain completely hidden. Wisdom teeth that aren't able to emerge normally become impacted, or trapped,<br />
within your jaw.<br />
If the wisdom teeth emerge partially through the gums, a passage way is created, which can cause problems. And because this area is hard to see<br />
and clean, it can become a magnet for bacteria that cause gum disease and oral infection.<br />
Some dentists recommend removing wisdom teeth if they don't fully emerge or if they grow near the nerve of the lower jaw. Many dentists believe it's<br />
better to remove wisdom teeth before the roots are fully formed, when someone is younger and more likely to recover faster from surgery. This is why some young adults have their wisdom teeth pulled<br />
before the teeth cause problems and become more firmly rooted in the jaw.<br />
<br />
According to the American Dental Association, wisdom teeth removal may be necessary if you experience changes in the area of those teeth, such as:<br />
<br />
— Pain<br />
<br />
— Repeated infection of soft tissue behind the lower last tooth<br />
<br />
— Cysts (fluid-filled sacs)<br />
<br />
— Tumors<br />
<br />
— Damage to nearby teeth<br />
<br />
— Gum disease<br />
<br />
— Extensive tooth decay.<br />
<br />
The decision to remove wisdom teeth isn't always clear. Talk to your dentist or an oral surgeon about the position and health of your wisdom teeth and what is best for the situation.<br />
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Treatment </h3>
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The relative ease at which your dentist or oral surgeon can extract your wisdom teeth depends on their position and stage of development. Your oral health care provider will be able to give you an idea of what to expect during your pre-extraction exam. A wisdom tooth that is fully erupted through the gum can be extracted as easily as any other tooth. However, a wisdom tooth that is underneath the gums and embedded in the jawbone will require an incision into the gums and then removal of the portion of bone that lies over the tooth. Often, for a tooth in this situation, the tooth will be extracted in small sections rather than removed in one piece to minimize the amount of bone that needs to be removed to get the tooth out.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Surgical Removal of Impacted tooth</td></tr>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-12820788610497869062014-07-31T12:43:00.000-07:002014-07-31T12:43:15.233-07:00The Valley of Kashmir by Walter Lawrence<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-21617246836535555112014-07-04T02:52:00.000-07:002014-07-04T04:26:58.003-07:00Tooth Extraction During Pregnancy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Hormonal changes occur during pregnancy due to which the gums become sensitive in case of pregnant females. Gums swell up and will become inflamed in case of pregnancy and will bleed. Periodontal problems occur in this period due to plaque which is present around the teeth. Gum problems very often occur around the wisdom tooth and gums become more aggravated in case of pregnant females. Neglecting ordinary oral care because of press of other duties may increase the incidence of dental caries in pregnant females.</div>
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Pregnancy is not a disease but special considerations should be made when tooth extraction is required during pregnancy. The most important thing is to avoid any damage to the baby. Elective procedures should be deferred in the first and the third trimester. If the tooth is infected and is non-restorable, then it should be removed. Infection may cause harm to the baby. Baby should not be exposed to any harmful factors. </div>
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Dentists or oral surgeons usually avoid tooth extraction during pregnancy. If a mother is in constant pain during pregnancy, then she would be stressing her body which would be not good for the child. So tooth extraction should be done in case of pregnancy.</div>
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Tooth extraction is no longer painful these days. The procedure is done under anesthesia. Lesser amount of anesthesia should be given to the patient. Obstetricians and gynecologists also allow tooth extraction during pregnancy if the patient has pain.</div>
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If tooth extraction has to be done in pregnancy, then it has to be done in the middle trimester period. Patients in first or the last trimester should have their tooth extraction postponed if possible. Tooth extraction can also be done in latter part of first trimester and first month of last trimester. Extensive surgical procedures should be avoided in the first and the last trimester. They should be deferred until after the child has been delivered.</div>
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Trimesters of pregnancy</h4>
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There are 3 trimesters of pregnancy- first trimester, second trimester and third trimester.</div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">In the first trimester</strong>, organogenesis of foetus takes place that is the formation of organs of the baby takes place. Liver, kidneys, heart etc. are formed in first trimester of pregnancy. Foetus is highly susceptible to developmental malformations if the mother passes through stress and strain in first trimester. If tooth extraction has to be done in the first trimester, then it should be done in the latter part of first trimester.</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">During the second trimester</strong> of pregnancy, the baby is just growing. It is considered as safe period in pregnancy and all the dental procedures can be performed in second trimester. Second trimester is the best time of tooth extraction in pregnancy. While doing the tooth extraction, if the patient falls into syncope, then patient is turned on to the left side to relieve the pressure. Patient should not be kept in supine or reclined position. This is to avoid pressure on inferior vena cava by the foetus which can even lead to hypotension (Decrease in blood pressure).</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">In the third trimester</strong>, it is problem for the lady to sit in the dental chair in the same position for hours. Large quantities of steroids are released into the blood. Uterine contraction is stimulated by oxytocin hormone which causes change of premature labour. Blood volume increases and patient can’t be comfortable on the chair. If patient is in severe pain and tooth extraction has to be done in third trimester, then it should be done in the first month of last trimester.</li>
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Obstetricians and gynecologists allow for full dental care during the last trimester of pregnancy and the most elective dental care during the second trimester.</div>
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Wisdom Tooth Extraction during pregnancy</h4>
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Wisdom teeth might need extraction when the lady is pregnant. Most of the obstetricians and gynecologists believe that wisdom tooth extraction can be done during pregnancy. Wisdom tooth should be removed with minimum of trauma during pregnancy. Antibiotics and pain pills may be prescribed by the dentist to reduce the infection and pain which can further stress both mother and baby. Wisdom tooth Extraction should be done in the second trimester which is the safe period of pregnancy.</div>
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Medications during pregnancy</h4>
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Pain killers used during pregnancy</div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Acetaminophen can be prescribed to the patient for pain relief. It is considered safe throughout pregnancy.</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ibuprofen is considered safe till 32 weeks of pregnancy. If pain is very severe, then narcotics can be given like codeine for short duration of time after consulting patient’s obstetrician.</li>
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Antibiotics are required to treat or prevent infection. Antibiotics used during pregnancy</div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penicillin (Category B for safety in pregnancy) and cephalosporin’s can be given to the patient unless the patient is allergic to it.</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Erythromycin is also safe during pregnancy provided patient’s stomach can tolerate it.</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tetracycline should not be given to the patient. Tetracycline given during pregnancy in second or third trimester or in neonates may lead to tetracycline pigmentation in teeth of baby.</li>
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<strong style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Time of tetracycline treatment <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"> </span> </strong><strong style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Teeth affected</strong></div>
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4 months intrauterine life (foetus) to 3 months post-partum <span class="Apple-tab-span" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"> Deciduous incisors</span></div>
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(period after<span style="background-color: transparent;"> the birth of baby)</span><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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5 months intrauterine life to 9 months post-partum<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: pre;"> </span> Deciduous canines</div>
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Tetracycline causes internal pigmentation due to chelate formation of tetracycline with calcium.</div>
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Use of anesthesia during pregnancy</h4>
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Lidocaine is commonly used local anesthetic agent used during tooth extraction. (Category B for safety in pregnancy). It does cross placenta after it is given. Anesthesia which is administered should be as less in amount as possible but it should be enough to make patient comfortable. If pain is experienced by the patient, then she will be administered more local anesthesia. Local anesthesia is usually used without epinephrine. Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor and it increases the duration of anesthesia. If the dentist feels that the patient requires anesthesia with epinephrine, then patient’s obstetrician can be consulted. If a patient is comfortable, then the stress on the patient and baby is also reduced. Anesthesia will also be more effective if the patient is more comfortable. </div>
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Inhalation or intravenous anesthesia is avoided during pregnancy as it increases the risk of miscarriage in the first trimester. </div>
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X-rays during pregnancy</h4>
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During tooth extraction procedure, it may be necessary to take a radiograph. While taking x-ray in pregnant woman, to cover the upper part of body, lead apron shield can be used. Diagnostic x-rays don’t have radiation dose too much which can cause any side effect to the developing foetus or embryo.</div>
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Pregnant women should-</div>
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<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tell the dentist that she is pregnant. The treatment plan and the medications which are to be given to the patient may be altered in case of pregnancy.</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">To avoid dental problems, she should maintain a good oral hygiene and should get dental cleaning done during the course of pregnancy to avoid deposits in the teeth.</li>
<li style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">She should not miss her dental appointments. Pregnant woman needs to get dental cleaning done regularly because of sensitivity and bleeding of gums.</li>
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It is always better to visit the dentist or the oral surgeon to know whether tooth extraction should be performed or not. Dentist can take care of pregnant woman and the baby.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-16376802120504513972014-07-03T23:27:00.001-07:002014-07-04T04:25:05.661-07:00Anti Microbial Agents<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Jammu Dental Hospital32.7266016 74.8570259000000535.9971186000000039 33.548431900000054 59.4560846 116.16561990000005tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-72293711565518915652014-06-22T05:10:00.002-07:002014-07-04T04:27:28.530-07:00DENTAL ANESTHESIA (LOCAL ANESTHESIA)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Dental anesthesia</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> (or </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">dental anaesthesia</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">) is a field of anesthesia</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> that includes not only local anesthetic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> but sedation</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> and general anesthesia.</span><br />
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CnXTgLYp2OsoIyiGqTqxTgriddtC1IMkIe3YFxRlOUJKFNE5FOdjmFamdkVEyVbqD1T3JdK79EDqe8rS4lgJLt+2jWalvbmnVJicTz1aIz6l0j5ndNu8XajNBbRueXwEObNuU8cLOj03j1nX7hYJlh+FysiMnXY93FjGPj3O05uv3Lusn28e43LK6Sw1UU7HQMbI9z7/AMv0rhvU7g0kjeOoI7eCpuENO45riTZ7wbm+d7FOq3CpOrIC07r7u3btIA/yB0uLpZQs6zr/AObz+XIZZelOLH8tVuspX2BiO6Ry4pVNG8nr7xPEq17tgDZR9HfVSmbsvBPpWRHcLXQhWsUzTwC0aRvL9I+Y/wBurHQhRmldy/Stf8mw/wBv6RMdI3kj5mx/pr/6p7MNef7Su/8A8mUcFcjC0Ll7Ah/Ib+1n3VKkopBq1CVETm6gjtV6kiCHmpQ4WIuFvNLLgkIcPriQGm/AXVqwx+62yUwYYxhu1tkzhdayXPLZuPHXZsH5KGR11zBLcLHKCmwkij3lNM3ig95GBt5RtYf6yp+ofILS1tV83UfUPkFtehOniZ/KnGFD2Ufh9U6p0lwr4UfhTamcpXtfDoxjKNgKXwuR8RUq6MBsaJYhIkTGVN1Y9J2laetBbsgYNIFka7lauAiRK1dTOyUMRXcpyKxvIuwp7WzMLsxc2HC9yvRKasBGQ4LzFrs29jz6q64fU3Y3uTcn0nwWe3G19UOiyAv3ahVGAZlWHaGQOZqq/TtzPcFsd+PsMv8AJDWDMKVsTVDS6IprVJ0RNDTtRbaZvJDNfZTdKc8vuieZJW045IpkLRwCDbMPwpDUJtG/kTvpWnOwQskLeQRTZrjL8IeYrbbz2HfG3koJIwpZFyWobLQD2KMI17VBIENkscsept9CKRjlqVK8oKZEFyhmCMCvJNqPm6j6h8gsWbU/N1H1D5BYu+dPFz+VOcK+FH4U0hKVYX8KPwplC5Sva+PqGELkbG5LYkfEp1fAxhKKYUFCUVGVOunG+k7TmurqMLsIGRuXClc1RkLBWlkjsloLUmiIbJJcs76O/wBirBhj2Fl8za/FIJW3+zv9imdBO0Nt+Va47jn47p3ilS3cs243dQ7ihqMeQUlbZzTla4XGH6DwhLrWJpb/ACGNKmUTUqpymsOi569DCOg3NSTHJYF0Y+ea0prj6Btd912w3PEWXfRm+QWwzn+lTaXjdio7kLp7VLDotFt1PauOAOSNa3LIgMXLwtscsQT2oeRqNkCGeFiWA3NUankCiIRSrVlFIVIVG5Eryban5uo+ofILFm1PzdR9Q+QW13zp4ufypvhfwo/CmESxYpXtedDYkfCtLFPJfjHQoqJYsU66MUzVIFixA7RURWLFgrgLT1ixMSk0mh7/APYo3Dfhzd4WLFf/AFc33XdR7p7vVc4foPCFixTvxPj/AJIMptU2j0WLFz5PT407FK30WLEIpUAOanjCxYmST06IWLEqiGZQPWLFobLoNKhpFixFGoHKB62sRSqNyjfxWLExa8m2p+bqPqHyCxYsXdOni5fKv//Z" 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<span class="mw-headline" id="Local_anesthetic_agents_in_dentistry">Local anesthetic agents in dentistry</span></h2>
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The most commonly used local anesthetic is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a> (also called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylocaine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Xylocaine">xylocaine</a> or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignocaine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lignocaine">lignocaine</a>), a modern replacement for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novocaine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Novocaine">novocaine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procaine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Procaine">procaine</a>. Its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Half-life">half-life</a> in the body is about 1.5–2 hours. Other local anesthetic agents in current use include <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articaine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Articaine">articaine</a> (also called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septocaine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Septocaine">septocaine</a> or <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubistesin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Ubistesin (page does not exist)">ubistesin</a>), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcaine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marcaine">marcaine</a> (a long-acting anesthetic), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepivacaine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mepivacaine">mepivacaine</a>. A combination of these may be used depending on the situation. Also, most agents come in two forms: with and without <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> or other vasoconstrictor that allow the agent to last longer and also controls bleeding in the tissue during procedures. Usually the case is classified using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASA_physical_status_classification_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="ASA physical status classification system">ASA Physical Status Classification System</a> before any anesthesia is given.<br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_local_anesthesia_in_dentistry">Types of local anesthesia in dentistry</span></h2>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Nerve Block— a common form of local dental anesthesia; blocks the reception of pain in one region of the mouth at a time.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiltration_(medical)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Infiltration (medical)">I</a>nfiltration given inferior to the root the tooth involved in the dental work; used usually for minor procedures such as restorations.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Palatal block given into the hard palate using pressure anesthesia; useful in anesthetizing the palate side of the maxillary teeth.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraosseous" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intraosseous">I</a>ntraosseous an injection of local anesthetic given directly into the osseous (bone) structure of the tooth for more involved dental procedures such as surgery or endodontic therapy (root canals).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Intrapulpal an injection of local anesthetic given directly into the pulp of the tooth to completely desensitize the tooth.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Pressure anesthesia---- pressure with a cotton swab in the area to distract the nerve sensation of pain when the needle enters certain areas such as palatal tissue.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Electrical Nerve Block--- a technology that involves using electrical current to block the reception or generation of pain signals; the pain control can be transient.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Acupuncture ---An alternative to chemical or electrical blocks, but is rarely used.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS72oSNSFR7b3qIYi3P3D6QoAhZGe_MKoLfrIY18-uD1XuvYW4YhQ" /><img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSYBPWGC6U5LolNiLt25nQhXMq5Za5WOMsiJEj2G2dTAiTLcWytNg" style="background-color: transparent;" /></span></h3>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Most_common_local_anesthetic_procedure">Most common local anesthetic procedure</span></h3>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_alveolar_nerve_anaesthesia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inferior alveolar nerve anaesthesia">Inferior alveolar nerve anaesthesia</a> or block or IANB (sometimes termed "inferior dental block", or wrongly referred to as the "mandibular block") probably is anesthetized more often than any other nerve in the body. An injection blocks sensation in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_alveolar_nerve" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Inferior alveolar nerve">inferior alveolar nerve</a>, which runs from the angle of the mandible down the medial aspect of the mandible, innervating the mandibular teeth, lower lip, chin, and parts of the tongue, which is effective for dental work in the mandibular arch. To anesthetize this nerve, the needle is inserted somewhat posterior to the most distal mandibular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Molar (tooth)">molar</a> on one side of the mouth. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingual_nerve" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lingual nerve">lingual nerve</a> is also anesthetized through diffusion of the agent to produce a numb <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tongue">tongue</a> as well as anesthetizing the floor of the mouth tissue, including that around the tongue side or lingual of the teeth.</div>
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Several nondental nerves are usually anesthetized during an inferior alveolar block. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_nerve" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mental nerve">mental nerve</a>, which supplies <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_innervation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cutaneous innervation">cutaneous innervation</a> to the anterior <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lip">lip</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chin">chin</a>, is a distal branch of the inferior alveolar nerve. When the inferior alveolar nerve is blocked, the mental nerve is blocked also, resulting in a numb lip and chin. Nerves lying near the point where the inferior alveolar nerve enters the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mandible" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human mandible">mandible</a> often are also anesthetized during inferior alveolar anesthesia, such as affecting hearing (auriculotemporal nerve).</div>
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The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_nerve" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Facial nerve">facial nerve</a> lies some distance from the inferior alveolar nerve within the parotid salivary gland, but in rare cases anesthetic can be injected far enough posteriorly to anesthetize that nerve. The result is a transient facial paralysis, with the injected side of the face having temporary loss of the use of the muscles of facial expression that include the inability to close the eyelid and the drooping of the labial commissure on the affected side for a few hours, which disappears when the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> wears off.</div>
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In contrast, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_alveolar_nerves" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Superior alveolar nerves">superior alveolar nerves</a> are not usually anesthetized directly because they are difficult to approach with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hypodermic needle">needle</a>. For this reason, the maxillary arch is usually anesthetized locally for dental work by inserting the needle beneath the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_mucosa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a> surrounding the teeth so as to anesthetize the smaller branches.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Dental_syringe">Dental syringe</span></h4>
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A <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_syringe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dental syringe">dental syringe</a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Syringe">syringe</a> used by licensed dental professionals for the injection of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Local anesthetic">local anesthetic</a>. It consists of a breech-loading syringe fitted with a sealed cartridge containing anesthetic solution.</div>
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src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /><img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTNXTnVGyDGZyqv57UlTIvKIUcWvYNW-bVUUnWUTogCDSX03Rqv4w" style="background-color: transparent;" /></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Other_drugs_used_in_combination_with_general_anesthesia_in_dentistry">Other drugs used in combination with general anesthesia in dentistry</span></h2>
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<li style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadron" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Decadron">Decadron</a> a steroid is often administered through IV to suppress inflammation and swelling resulting during the surgery while under general anesthesia.</li>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondansetron" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;" title="Ondansetron">Ondansetron</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">brand named</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofran" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px; text-decoration: none;" title="Zofran">Zofran</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> is often administered to prevent nausea during the surgery which may result from the blood draining into the stomach while under general anesthesia, or it is given after the procedure for postoperative nausea which may result from the anesthesia itself which was administered. </span><br />
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<u>The use of inhalation sedation and local anaesthesia can be an alternative to general anaesthesia for dental extractions in children</u></h2>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><u>SIDE EFFECTS</u></b></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_anesthesia" target="_blank">wikipedia</a></span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-58568966618839217772014-06-21T09:40:00.000-07:002017-04-06T11:11:53.705-07:00ROOT CANAL TREATMENT (RCT) OF A TOOTH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">A </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">root canal</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> is the anatomic space</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> within the root of a tooth</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">. Part of a naturally occurring space within a tooth, it consists of the pulp chamber</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.399999618530273px;"> (within the coronal part of the tooth), the main canal(s), and more intricate anatomical branches that may connect the root canals to each other or to the surface of the root.</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 1.3;">Dental pulp</span></h2>
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Procedures for root canal</div>
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The space inside the root canals is filled with a highly vascularized, loose connective tissue, the dental pulp. The dental pulp is the tissue of which the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dentin">dentin</a> portion of the tooth is composed. The dental pulp helps complete formation of the secondary teeth (adult teeth) one to two years after eruption into the mouth. The dental pulp also nourishes and hydrates the tooth structure, making the tooth more resilient, less brittle and less prone to fracture from chewing hard foods. Additionally, the dental pulp provides a hot and cold sensory function.</div>
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The nerves in your teeth serve only in a sensory capacity. They let you know if something is cold or warm. Since they serve no other function, they can be removed without compromising the tooth. The teeth located around the tooth in question have more than enough sensitivity to tell your brain whether something you've eaten is hot or cold.</div>
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Root canal is also a colloquial term for a dental operation, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodontic_therapy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Endodontic therapy">endodontic therapy</a>, wherein the pulp is cleaned out, the space disinfected and then filled.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Root_canal_anatomy">Root canal anatomy</span></h2>
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Root canal anatomy consists of the pulp chamber and root canals. Both contain the dental pulp. The smaller branches, referred to as <b>accessory canals</b>, are most frequently found near the root end (apex), but may be encountered anywhere along the root length. The total number of root canals per tooth depends on the number of the tooth roots ranging from one to four, five or more in some cases. Sometimes there are more than one root canal per root. Some teeth have a more variable internal anatomy than others. An unusual root canal shape, complex branching (especially the existence of horizontal branches), and multiple root canals are considered as the main causes of root canal treatment failures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup> (e.g. If a secondary root canal goes unnoticed by the dentist and is not cleaned and sealed, it will remain infected, causing the root canal therapy to fail).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Root_canal.28s.29_versus_root_canal_system">Root canal(s) versus root canal system</span></h3>
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The specific features and complexity of the internal anatomy of the teeth have been thoroughly studied. Using a replica technique on thousands of teeth, Hess made clear as early as 1917 that the internal space of dental roots is often a complex system composed of a central area (root canals with round, oval or irregular cross-sectional shape) and lateral parts (fins, anastomoses and accessory canals). In fact, this lateral component may represent a relatively large volume, which challenges the cleaning phase of the instrumentation procedure in that tissue remnants of the vital or necrotic pulp as well as infectious elements are not easily removed in these areas. Thus, the image of root canals having a smooth, conical shape is generally too idealistic and underestimates the limited reach of root canal instrumentation.</div>
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<tr><td><img alt="DeepInfection" border="0" src="http://www.colgate.com/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/Illustrations-Root-Canal-Treatment-From-Start-to-Finish/DeepInfection.jpg" /></td></tr>
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Infection of tooth </h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The pulp is made up of soft tissue that includes nerves and blood vessels. If bacteria infect the pulp, it will begin to die. After this, the bacteria can increase in number. The bacteria and the substances they release will eventually pass out of the end of the root canal through the small hole where the blood vessels and nerves enter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">This process continues as there is nothing to stop more bacteria passing down the root canal, which causes the tissues around the end of the tooth to become red and swollen. This can cause your tooth to become painful and, in extreme circumstances, your face may become swollen (<a href="http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dental-abscess/Pages/Introduction.aspx" style="color: #585858; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">dental abscess</a>).</span></div>
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<u>Procedure of RCT</u></h3>
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<b>1. <u>A Deep Infection</u></b></div>
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<a class="glossarylink" data-info="/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Root-Canal.cvsp" href="http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/article/Root-Canal-Treatment.cvsp" style="border: none; color: #0066cc; outline: none;">Root canal</a> treatment is needed when an injury or a large cavity damages the <a class="glossarylink" data-info="/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Tooth.cvsp" href="http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Tooth.cvsp" style="border: none; color: #0066cc; outline: none;">tooth</a>'s<a class="glossarylink" data-info="/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Root.cvsp" href="http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Root.cvsp" style="border: none; color: #0066cc; outline: none;">root</a>. The root becomes infected or inflamed.</div>
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<tr><td><img alt="Route2Root" border="0" src="http://www.colgate.com/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/Illustrations-Root-Canal-Treatment-From-Start-to-Finish/Route2Root.jpg" /></td></tr>
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<b>2. <u>A Route to the Root</u></b><br />
The dentist numbs the tooth. An opening is made through the crown of the tooth to the<a class="glossarylink" data-info="/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Pulp.cvsp" href="http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Pulp.cvsp" style="border: none; color: #0066cc; outline: none;">pulp</a> chamber.</div>
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<tr><td><img alt="Inflamed" border="0" src="http://www.colgate.com/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/Illustrations-Root-Canal-Treatment-From-Start-to-Finish/Inflamed.jpg" /></td></tr>
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<b>3. <u>Removing the Infected/Inflamed Tissue</u></b></div>
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Special files are used to clean the infection and unhealthy pulp out of the canals. Then they shape the canals for the filling material. Irrigation is used to help clean the canals and remove debris.</div>
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<tr><td><img alt="Filling" border="0" src="http://www.colgate.com/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/Illustrations-Root-Canal-Treatment-From-Start-to-Finish/Filling.jpg" /></td></tr>
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<b>4. <u>Filling the Canals</u></b></div>
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The canals are filled with a permanent material. Typically this is done with a material known as gutta-percha. This helps to keep the canals free of infection or contamination.</div>
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<tr><td><img alt="Rebuilding" border="0" src="http://www.colgate.com/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/Illustrations-Root-Canal-Treatment-From-Start-to-Finish/Rebuilding.jpg" /></td></tr>
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<b>5. <u>Rebuilding the Tooth</u></b></div>
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A <a class="glossarylink" data-info="/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Temporary-Filling.cvsp" href="http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Temporary-Filling.cvsp" style="border: none; color: #0066cc; outline: none;">temporary filling</a> material is placed on top of the gutta-percha to seal the opening. The filling remains until the tooth receives a permanent filling or a crown. A crown, sometimes called a <a class="glossarylink" data-info="/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Cap.cvsp" href="http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Glossary/Cap.cvsp" style="border: none; color: #0066cc; outline: none;">cap</a>, looks like a natural tooth. It is placed over the top of the tooth.</div>
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<tr><td><img alt="ExtraSupport" border="0" src="http://www.colgate.com/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/Illustrations-Root-Canal-Treatment-From-Start-to-Finish/ExtraSupport.jpg" /></td></tr>
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<b>6. <u>Extra Support</u></b></div>
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In some cases, a post is placed into the root next to the gutta-percha. This gives the crown more support.</div>
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<tr><td><img alt="Crown" border="0" src="http://www.colgate.com/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/Illustrations-Root-Canal-Treatment-From-Start-to-Finish/Crown.jpg" /></td></tr>
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<b>7. <u> The Crowning Touch</u></b></div>
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The crown is cemented into place.</div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Courtesy:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/Oral-and-Dental-Health-Basics/Checkups-and-Dental-Procedures/Root-Canal-Treatment/article/Illustrations-Root-Canal-Treatment-From-Start-to-Finish.cvsp" target="_blank">Colgate</a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 10px;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_canal_treatment" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-75334557873443181122014-06-16T01:03:00.000-07:002014-06-16T01:03:37.145-07:00Stand Up and Show Your Support<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Dentists over the world plz join and support the cause, movement and greivance of Dentists of this region...Jammu and Kashmir<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-9255503026077777212014-04-29T13:22:00.001-07:002014-07-07T01:38:49.164-07:00Retention Form In Cavity Preparation <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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RETENTION FORM<br />
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Retention form is that form of cavity that best permits the restoration to resist displacement through tipping or lifting forces, especially masticatory loading.<br />
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PRINCIPAL MEANS OF GAINING RETENTION<br />
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• Inverted truncated cones or undercuts.<br />
• Dovetail.<br />
• Elastic deformation of dentin e.g. gold foil.<br />
• Friction – which depends on surface area, opposing walls or surfaces involved, parallelism or non-parallelism, proximity of material to walls.<br />
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OTHER MEANS:<br />
<br />
• Grooves<br />
<br />
Mainly indicated in cast restorations, they are prepared in the walls of the proximal box inside the DEJ. The depth is equal to the width. They are placed at the axiobuccal and axiolingual line angles, putting more pressure on the buccal and lingual walls rather than on the axial wall. They are prepared parallel or slightly diverging occlusally for the proper withdrawal of the pattern.<br />
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• Internal boxes<br />
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• Posts<br />
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• Pins<br />
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Provide extra retention and can be used with amalgam, composite and cast restorations.<br />
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• Triangular areas (gold foil)<br />
<br />
• Etching:<br />
Provides micromechanical retention by increasing the surface area for retention. This is mainly indicated in bonded restorations.<br />
<br />
• Slots:<br />
They are prepared in dentin to increase the surface area of the preparation and have more convergent walls. These are 1 – 1.5mm deep box type preparations and can be given 9in occlusal wall or gingival wall or both. Usually they are given all along the width of the occlusal / gingival wall. Each of it has four walls that aids in retention.<br />
<br />
• Locks:<br />
They are given in proximal box of class II cavity and are indicated mainly for amalgam restorations. They are given in dentin either in the walls of the proximal box or in the occlusal box at the line angles which the pulpal wall of the cavity makes with the occlusal wall. These are 0.2 to 0.3 mm wide and 0.5mm deep into dentin.<br />
<br />
• Skirts:<br />
Mainly indicated in cast restorations, they are extensions of the proximal box at the line angles of the tooth or even away from it. The margins of the restorations are kept on healthy tooth structure and bevelled. The enveloping of the walls increases the surface area and aids in retention.<br />
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AMALGAM:<br />
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Retention is enhanced by<br />
<br />
• Parallel walls and flat pulpal floor or gingival floors<br />
• Occlusal convergence of walls (axial retention) in class of class II.<br />
• Occlusal convergence and dovetail<br />
• Proximal retention in the from of axiofacial and axiolingual locks<br />
• Slots in gingival floor.<br />
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CAST GOLD RESTORATIONS<br />
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Axial retention in the form of cement locking and friction in micro-irregularities.<br />
<br />
This is enhanced by<br />
<br />
• Parallelism.<br />
A slight divergence of the walls 2 degrees-5 degrees can be given for proper withdrawal of the pattern. In case the available height of the walls is less, the divergence should be kept minimum. At least one half of the walls should be kept parallel and the rest can be diverged.<br />
• Increase in area.<br />
Occlusal extension is mandatory since it prevents tilting of the restoration.<br />
• Increase in strength of cementing media.<br />
• Sharp line angles except axiopulpal line angle.<br />
• Lateral retention by dovetail and pinholes and pot holes.<br />
<br />
TOOTH COLORED RESTORATIONS<br />
<br />
Retention is achieved by<br />
<br />
• Acid conditioning.<br />
<br />
• Retentive cavity preparation.<br />
<br />
• Physico-chemical retention.<br />
<br />
• Posts.<br />
<br />
DIRECT GOLD<br />
<br />
Retention is established by<br />
<br />
• Elastic compression developed in dentin because of condensation.<br />
• In classIII-undercut at point angles.<br />
• In class IV-grooves along occlusopulpal and gingivopulpal line angles.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-1040135375770526732014-04-29T13:12:00.000-07:002014-07-07T01:38:14.466-07:00RESISTANCE FORM In Cavity Preparation <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Resistance form may be defined as that shape and form of cavity walls that best enable both the restoration and the tooth to withstand occlusal forces without fracture.<br />
<br />
Fundamental principles involved are:<br />
<br />
1.Box shape or mortise shaped with flat floor, which helps the tooth to resist occlusal loading by virtue of being at right angles to the forces of mastication.<br />
<br />
2.Slightly curved than acute line angles decrease the stress concentration of stresses and hence reduce the incidence of fracture.<br />
<br />
3.Conservation of strong cusps and ridges with sufficient dentin support.<br />
Weakened areas should be included in cavity preparation to prevent fractures (capping of the weakened cusps).<br />
<br />
4.To provide enough thickness of restorative material to prevent fracture under load.<br />
<br />
5.Slight roundening of the line angles to prevent stress concentration.<br />
<br />
STRESS PATTERNS OF TEETH<br />
<br />
According to Gabel application of mechanical principles to the design of restorations will help conceive favorable stress patterns for the teeth and the restorations. These principles vary according to the type of restoration and cavity.<br />
<br />
TYPE OF RESTORATION:<br />
<br />
The minimal thickness of amalgam and cast gold to resist fracture is approximately 1.5mm, though a little more depth is required for amalgam to achieve the requisite bulk. However in composite and glass ionomer, the depth is not the criteria for achieving resistance form. Porcelain also requires a depth of 2mm for inlays and 1.5mm for crowns.<br />
<br />
TYPE OF CAVITY:<br />
<br />
CLASS I:<br />
<br />
A flat pulpal floor is appropriate. In case of deep caries where a rounded pulpal floor may result, the stress is doubled in the deepest portion of the cavity. Fractures in these rezsstorations are due to insufficient dentinal thickness in the center. Bending stresses are proportional to square of depth. Therefore for large restorations depth should be increased with increase in diameter.<br />
<br />
CLASS II:<br />
<br />
A proximo-occlusal inlay restoration acts like a curved beam of cantilever type. Due to differences in modulus of elasticity of dentin and the material there will be displacement of the restoration in the gingival seat area with the axio-pulpal line angle as axis of restoration. This is prevented by a lock in the form of groove pins, etc in the gingival floor. In M.O.D. cavity axio-pulpal line angle should be more rounded.<br />
<br />
CLASS III:<br />
<br />
Due to the thickness of incisal edge the cavity is extended lingually as close to the incisal edge as possible.<br />
<br />
CLASS V:<br />
<br />
The functional cusp and functional fossa relationship dictates the stress pattern.<br />
<br />
EFFECT OF GROOVES:<br />
<br />
Grooves provide resistance to a certain degree. Courdadee and Jimmerman have shown that localized areas of stress are produced in tooth tissue by provision of supplemental intracoronal retention in the form of pins.</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-3835655495884427442014-04-29T13:06:00.000-07:002014-07-07T01:39:09.024-07:00Cavity its History and Classification <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Definition of cavity:<br />
<br />
Is defined as a defect in enamel, dentin or cementum resulting from the pathological processes, mostly the dental caries. Other processes such as abrasion, erosion etc. can also cause such defects.<br />
<br />
Cavity preparation:<br />
<br />
It is defined as the mechanical and surgical alteration of a defective, injured or diseased tooth in order to best receive a restorative material which will re establish a healthy state for the tooth including aesthetic corrections where indicated along with the normal form and function.<br />
<br />
Cavity preparation is the performance of those dental surgical procedures required to expose the carious lesion, permit of removal of affected tissue and so shape the remaining dentin and enamel as to receive a restoration to its original form and function give it strength and prevent re occurrence of decay in the same surface.<br />
<br />
History:<br />
<br />
Cavity preparation techniques have been known for many centuries. During the ninth century itself cavities have been prepared for dental inlays.<br />
<br />
During the early 19th century, cutting was done mainly by hand-operated instruments. Later drills operated by bowstring, Archemedian drives were used. Dr. Samuel Fastlich has suggested that the Mayas used tube drills and bow drills.<br />
<br />
During the late 19th century pedal driven engine using flexible cables, hand piece and burs came into existence. Page-Chayas hand piece, the first belt driven angle hand piece to operate successfully at speeds over 100,000rpm was introduced in 1955. In 1957 the first clinically acceptable air turbine hand piece Borden airotor handpiece came into play. Then Air motor, Electric micro motor, straight handpiece, right angled handpiece and contra-angled handpiece were introduced. At the latest, now air abrasion and lasers are being used.<br />
<br />
Hamelton Jameson for the first time in the 19th century emphasized the need for organized cavity preparation. He suggested the following steps:<br />
<br />
• Removal of soft and infected dentin using hand instruments.<br />
• Sterilization of dentinal surface.<br />
• Retention form using dentinal buttons.<br />
<br />
In 1930’s G.V. Black, gave the systemic approach to cavity preparation with special emphasis on retention form. Black’s principles of cavity preparation were specially meant for metallic restorations. Several operators, with the intention of improving aesthetics, had modified some of the original suggestions of Black.<br />
Dr. Charles E. Woodbury suggested that the labial margin of the preparation to be in harmony with the lines of refraction of the labial surface. Henry A. True suggested another inconspicuous type of preparation using a special “slant technique”.<br />
Introduction of new aesthetic restorative materials, particularly during the last two decades have changed the conventional ideas of cavity preparation, probably this is the only area wherein Black’s general principles are becoming obsolute. Conservative cavity designing is done by limiting the preparation of the cavity only to the areas affected.<br />
<br />
Classification of cavities:<br />
<br />
Based on the type of treatment and the areas involved, Black gave his classification.<br />
<br />
CLASS I<br />
<br />
All pit and fissure cavities.<br />
IA Cavities on the occlusal surface of molars and premolars.<br />
IB Cavities on the occlusal 2/3rd of the facial and lingual surface of molars.<br />
IC Cavities on the lingual surface of maxillary incisors.<br />
<br />
CLASS II<br />
<br />
Cavities on the proximal surface of molars and premolars.<br />
<br />
CLASS III<br />
<br />
Cavities on the proximal surfaces of anterior teeth that do not involve the incisal edge.<br />
<br />
CLASS IV<br />
<br />
Cavities on the proximal surface of anterior teeth that involve the incisal angle.<br />
<br />
CLASS V<br />
<br />
Cavities on the gingival third of the facial and lingual surface of all the teeth.<br />
<br />
CLASS VI<br />
<br />
Cavities on the incisal edge of anterior teeth or the occlusal cusps of posterior teeth.<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-73631400857986349212014-04-01T12:28:00.000-07:002014-07-04T04:31:21.045-07:00Case History in Dentistry<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiagLvL6CXY-xIr2-QOOMxYRNTH1BQpDVHa3XyetmZJQvcS8POFEmtWW_MT_IaAS2CzkcgnsuCIcqkkKdSnQsuS2OhNYNeTqk0extARzcThvXDPDXjx8Ov5yyg00WyX5tB_Te2Fe3B0TWRJ/s1600/dental-Case-history.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiagLvL6CXY-xIr2-QOOMxYRNTH1BQpDVHa3XyetmZJQvcS8POFEmtWW_MT_IaAS2CzkcgnsuCIcqkkKdSnQsuS2OhNYNeTqk0extARzcThvXDPDXjx8Ov5yyg00WyX5tB_Te2Fe3B0TWRJ/s1600/dental-Case-history.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<b>Case history</b> is an important and integral part of Treatment, a
treatment of a disease or a condition starts with it’s proper diagnosis
and this can be done sucessfully only by taking down a proper Case
History.<br />
It is very important to take a proper case history which will further
lead to a proper diagnosis and a perfect Treatment with good Prognosis.<br />
It is a known fact that :<br />
<em> “Accurate diagnosis of a disease depends on the art of taking Case History.”</em><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy349XszkE7JrqsG4Z38htRTTLqWWDuqJVCtDTQUofNZi39FCaURTNnclVzXIOH6tCP_FSRzqoMHepfosMxdZv84oikVylSFPsW-zNKd7H_ebW25GGgD6DKVJzy_Go6UbuYwRrjO7nt-PX/s1600/01-14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgy349XszkE7JrqsG4Z38htRTTLqWWDuqJVCtDTQUofNZi39FCaURTNnclVzXIOH6tCP_FSRzqoMHepfosMxdZv84oikVylSFPsW-zNKd7H_ebW25GGgD6DKVJzy_Go6UbuYwRrjO7nt-PX/s1600/01-14.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<em> </em><br />
<strong>What is Case History?</strong><br />
Case history is considered to be a planned professional conversation
that enables the patient to communicate their symptoms, feelings and
fear complex to the physician.<br />
Ideally Case history is taken in a consultation Room or a Private
Office in which the surroundings and the conditions are entirely
friendly and not like the Dental Operating room.<br />
In many occasions a properly prepared Case History alone is sufficient to Diagnose the Disease without examining the patient.<br />
Hence a Properly prepared case history is of utmost importance in any speciality in Medical Field.<br />
<strong>Steps in Case – History Preparation: </strong><br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>General Information</li>
<li>History Recording</li>
<li>Examination of the patient</li>
<li>Establishment of provisional diagnosis</li>
<li>Necessary investigations</li>
<li>Final Diagnosis</li>
<li>Treatment plan</li>
<li>Prognosis.</li>
</ol>
Some samples of case history</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDJclcvrqkVYsMoy979LcJmBE-w1iW60xTUZodmgz49Ue_poR1qA0fN-K-Ff1DiSZWHyo024RhwaGM6F96j01JS-MqfpkgB2JRVTZJCa5_nuWXANwzf3NKjA7RPwvCjD0LTMPbRDcaDRZ4/s1600/en_a26fig28.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDJclcvrqkVYsMoy979LcJmBE-w1iW60xTUZodmgz49Ue_poR1qA0fN-K-Ff1DiSZWHyo024RhwaGM6F96j01JS-MqfpkgB2JRVTZJCa5_nuWXANwzf3NKjA7RPwvCjD0LTMPbRDcaDRZ4/s1600/en_a26fig28.jpg" height="320" width="236" /></a> </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifkGVq8vzxMNQINl1lGgBaq7qxPs6GmM3mL1J3KSin495ma0EJU-gklXbP_pQ5j1tfnGyGXGYBxs3twUJWWfebkR2h_Pmh_y8pUVvF9YRXGe8xbjJRBSfM1KY-e0zRKsTSplrPfEGiOpar/s1600/f015-00001_md.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifkGVq8vzxMNQINl1lGgBaq7qxPs6GmM3mL1J3KSin495ma0EJU-gklXbP_pQ5j1tfnGyGXGYBxs3twUJWWfebkR2h_Pmh_y8pUVvF9YRXGe8xbjJRBSfM1KY-e0zRKsTSplrPfEGiOpar/s1600/f015-00001_md.jpg" /></a> </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-61206351298814313952014-03-31T12:48:00.000-07:002014-07-04T04:31:52.398-07:00SCALER FACTS REVEALED<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><u><em>What you need to know when it's time to look for a sonic or ultrasonic scaler.</em></u></span></h4>
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><em>The following article was originally presented as a service by
Parkell to its customers and those looking to purchase a scaler. The material provided was unbiased and
informative, so we asked Parkell for permission to reprint its
information. Our thanks to Parkell for its willingness to share this
information our readers.</em></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8o2JJpxxwXxDSG2EFkKfMN3pr3gzj_zfNytaDDnLaR5Z5ax4wWQ6YD8rWPr6gLQWsVWlIj_8JxS0XP7GC5y2mD9wp8tIiE2I5OblYZVw2NC33xxZCKQ-6BoV0ltnChTolBSCcArVQejxm/s1600/ImplantScalers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8o2JJpxxwXxDSG2EFkKfMN3pr3gzj_zfNytaDDnLaR5Z5ax4wWQ6YD8rWPr6gLQWsVWlIj_8JxS0XP7GC5y2mD9wp8tIiE2I5OblYZVw2NC33xxZCKQ-6BoV0ltnChTolBSCcArVQejxm/s1600/ImplantScalers.jpg" height="320" width="266" /></a></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGM92ymAgqc30mHvSQM5SjsWE_xewkwhITmANj6LCNdnAMgq4a1fgM9Xob6xSFkpxE6CeXJgtYsR1mF0eMBokmYSmXJDOXhI1cjIRsULPkhMce20PFXulpH0zBqDvpWXRb2eSXejPtdE2G/s1600/1_12_SCALERS_AND_CURETTES_Resin_8_Colors_HU_FRIEDY_INC.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGM92ymAgqc30mHvSQM5SjsWE_xewkwhITmANj6LCNdnAMgq4a1fgM9Xob6xSFkpxE6CeXJgtYsR1mF0eMBokmYSmXJDOXhI1cjIRsULPkhMce20PFXulpH0zBqDvpWXRb2eSXejPtdE2G/s1600/1_12_SCALERS_AND_CURETTES_Resin_8_Colors_HU_FRIEDY_INC.jpg.png" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: #990000;">We want you to know
up-front that Parkell manufactures ultrasonic scalers. We don't pretend
to be unbiased. However, we believe that anything we can do to encourage
dentists, hygienists, and assistants to shop around before they
purchase (to carefully compare features, after-sale service, and
independent clinical evaluations) will be to their advantage.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">This
short article contains information gleaned from manufacturers'
publications and research literature. We've tried like the devil to make
it as accurate and unbiased as possible.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">Decision #1: Do you want a sonic or ultrasonic scaler?</span></h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">Sonic
scalers, like the Titan®, are small handpiece-size devices. They sit
conveniently in the delivery unit and hook up to a conventional
air/water handpiece connector. Research has shown that the tip of a
sonic scaler moves in an orbital pattern, tracing the letter "O" as it
vibrates at approximately 3,000-9,000 cycles per second.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Ultrasonic
scalers involve a power-unit box that sits on the counter. They must be
connected to a water source and they plug into an electrical wall
outlet. Ultrasonics vibrate at much higher frequencies than sonic
scalers (25,000 cycles per second or higher). The pattern of vibration
is much more linear than the sonic scaler, tracing the letter "I" or a
very narrow ellipse as it vibrates.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">The primary difference between
sonic and ultrasonic scalers is power. The sonic scaler is a low-power
device that removes plaque and fresh calculus. However, it is not
terribly effective on heavy calculus, and it is useless on flinty old
accretions that can be easily removed with an ultrasonic scaler.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">There
is an additional advantage to the ultrasonic over sonic. High-frequency
ultrasonic tip vibration creates cavitation bubbles in the fluid. When
these bubbles contact a surface, they collapse and release energy.
Studies have suggested that the energy created by the collapsing bubbles
is sufficient to destroy a spirochaete cell membrane. In other words,
the ultrasonic spray itself may be lethal to the motile pathogens
frequently implicated in periodontal disease.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Though ultrasonic
scalers are generally more expensive than sonic scalers, there are some
notable exceptions. For example (as we write this), the popular Titan S
sonic scaler costs $548 in a mail order catalog. As you can see in the
table later in the article, several ultrasonic scalers feature
price-tags lower than that.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span>
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">Decision #2: Do you want a magnetostrictive or piezo ultrasonic scaler?</span></h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjORGDsiJQO_kfNFvbKDgpR3U-Ca2M746sy1e7F9ddR7EwPzWLcA6OCOSNkn_VLHANVN2XbFcbO0MQKhJ-BFwwgs6FOh2WK9skfDwqSKT3lHh3Hl2oFxWxWJ5y-XQ_xT6h5VT8WLdz6Vmvt/s1600/Veterinary_use_B5_dental_ultrasonic_scaler_with.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjORGDsiJQO_kfNFvbKDgpR3U-Ca2M746sy1e7F9ddR7EwPzWLcA6OCOSNkn_VLHANVN2XbFcbO0MQKhJ-BFwwgs6FOh2WK9skfDwqSKT3lHh3Hl2oFxWxWJ5y-XQ_xT6h5VT8WLdz6Vmvt/s1600/Veterinary_use_B5_dental_ultrasonic_scaler_with.jpg" height="280" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUcGjNzlx_6BgIcG4j4LHV2arwlBR5V0rzHeL42KN65Y3kHgmP_IYn_YFNiOFBJFtAX23pYm0ow5R-1cqkGHil2AhZF5QG2Nq-7AouGRqqHkfD4RlKGIDzEn2h-SK5s1y6f18m3FOFPBq1/s1600/built-in-dental-ultrasonic-scalers-complete-set-75014-119677.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUcGjNzlx_6BgIcG4j4LHV2arwlBR5V0rzHeL42KN65Y3kHgmP_IYn_YFNiOFBJFtAX23pYm0ow5R-1cqkGHil2AhZF5QG2Nq-7AouGRqqHkfD4RlKGIDzEn2h-SK5s1y6f18m3FOFPBq1/s1600/built-in-dental-ultrasonic-scalers-complete-set-75014-119677.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;"> </span></h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">In
magnetostrictive devices (Cavitron®, Parkell, Coltene), tip vibrations
are created by a resonating stack of metal strips on the back of the
insert.* In piezo devices (EMS, Satelec, Amdent), the vibrations are
produced by oscillations of a quartz crystal in the handpiece.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Tip
oscillation: For years, it has been generally believed that piezo and
magnetostrictive devices differ slightly in the pattern traced by their
tips. It is suggested that magnetostrictive tips trace an elongated
ellipse while piezo tips trace a linear back-and-forth pattern.
Magnetostrictive advocates claim that their elliptical motion is more
effective because it generates pathogen-destroying cavitation bubbles
360 degrees around the tip. In contrast, the piezo design creates them
only at the two ends of their back-and-forth cycle. Piezo advocates
claim that their linear oscillation makes the piezo design less likely
to abrade the tooth. If there is a difference in tip vibration between
piezo and magnetostrictive designs, it's very subtle — and probably
without the clinical importance we manufacturers ascribe to it. </span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">From
our work designing and manufacturing ultrasonics, the pattern of tip
oscillation appears to be influenced far more by the geometry of the tip
itself than by the design of scaler that powers it. For example,
S-shaped tips like left- and right-curving perio tips feature an
elliptical vibration, but tips with a simple curve, like the Cavitron
TFI® and Parkell Universal tip, are linear. In a paper presented at a
recent research meeting, independent researchers at the University of
Kiel and the Max Planck Institute reported that the vibration pattern of
a magnetostrictive scaler seemed virtually identical to that of a piezo
scaler. But that isn't to say there aren't significant differences
between piezo and magnetostrictive scalers.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Heat: The metal stack
in the magnetostrictive scaler generates heat. To prevent overheating,
you must scale with plenty of water irrigation. The quartz crystal in
the piezo scaler doesn't generate much heat. This means you can run the
device with very little water irrigation. On the other hand, because the
piezo handpiece doesn't heat the water, patients may complain of cold
sensitivity. Note: Some piezo devices feature a separate water warmer to
improve patient comfort.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Tips design: Most piezo scalers use
proprietary tips designed specifically for that specific brand of
scaler. If the manufacturer of your scaler doesn't offer the tip shape
you want, or if the scaler manufacturer goes out of business, you're out
of luck.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Manufacturers of magnetostrictive scalers would like you
to use their inserts in their machines, but the fact is that virtually
all brands are interchangeable. Any 25KHz Parkell insert will work in
any 25KHz Cavitron scaler, and vice versa. That means owners of
magnetostrictive scalers aren't married to a single supplier for their
inserts.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Though piezo and magnetostrictive designs each have
passionate advocates, both do a fine job of calculus removal. When an
independent research association clinically rated every scaler available
in the United States, there were piezo and magnetostrictive devices at
the top and bottom of the rankings. What's the moral here? It's not
whether a scaler is magnetostrictive or piezo that determines whether
it's effective, but rather the design of the entire device.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span>
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">Decision #3: Do you want a 30KHz scaler or 25KHZ scaler?</span></h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">The
number of times the scaler tip vibrates each second is called its
"frequency." Most magnetostrictive scalers are either 25KHz (25,000
cycles per second) or 30KHz (30,000 cycles per second.) Studies have
proven conclusively that there's no real difference in calculus-removing
ability between the two frequencies. However, 30KHz scaling is somewhat
quieter, so operators and patients tend to prefer the higher frequency.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Operating
frequency is generally hard-wired into the scaler. For example, the
Cavitron SPS operates at 30KHz, and only at 30KHz (a 25KHz insert won't
even fit into the handle). On the other hand, if you stick a 30KHz
insert into a 25KHz device like the Cavitron Bobcat or the Parkell Clean
Machine, it'll just spit water, so if you upgrade from a 25KHz scaler
to a pure 30KHz device like the Cavitron SPS, you won't be able to use
your old 25KHz inserts.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">The Parkell TurboSENSOR and Coltene
Whaledent Biosonic power both 25KHz and 30KHz inserts. This allows you
to use your old 25KHz inserts in the new scaler, and then replace them
with 30KHz inserts as they wear out.</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Clean Machine™ 25KHz — Parkell</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Clean Machine™ Manual/Auto — Parkell</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Cavitron Bobcat® — Dentsply</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Cavitron Select™ — Dentsply</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Acclean 25KHz — Henry Schein</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Cavitron® SPS™ — Dentsply</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Clean Machine™ 30KHz — Parkell</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Acclean 30KHz — Henry Schein</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Cavitron Select™ SPS — Dentsply</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">TurboSENSOR™ — Parkell</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">Turbo 25/30™ Two-Handpiece — Parkell</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #990000;">BioSonic™ — Whaledent</span></li>
</ul>
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">Decision #4: Do you want an auto-tune or manual-tune scaler? </span></h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">This
question is relevant only if you plan to do extensive low-power
subgingival scaling. Early ultrasonic scalers were all manually tuned.
When auto-tune scalers were introduced in the late 1960s, they pretty
much drove the manual-tune devices off the market. As a result, most
manually tuned scalers are now made by specialty manufacturers catering
to a niche market.</span><br />
<table align="CENTER" border="0" style="clear: right; width: 300px;"> <tbody>
<tr><td><span style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"> <img align="MIDDLE" border="0" src="http://images.pennnet.com/articles/dem/thm/th_134578.jpg" height="394" width="300" /><br /><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Amdent
recently introduced its newest product, the US30 portable scaler, model
Unicorn. The Amdent Unicorn combines the proven US30 piezo ultrasonic
scaler with a medicament dispenser.</i></span></a></span><br />
<center>
<span style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">
<span class="small">Click here to enlarge image</span></a></span></center>
<span style="color: #990000;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">
</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: #990000;">null</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Whether
you want a manual-tune or auto-tune device will probably depend on your
"hygiene heroes," because this is one of those controversial topics
where the experts simply don't agree. Some lecturers in subgingival
debridement believe that you get better cavitation at very low power
settings if the scaler is slightly mistuned. Since autotune scalers
always perfectly tune to the insert's frequency, you need a manual tune
scaler to mistune.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Other lecturers respond that mistuning an
ultrasonic scaler may have made sense a number of years ago when
manufacturers and operators were concerned primarily with the high end
of the power range. Back then, the only way to get a scaler to operate
at low power was to take them out of tune. But things are different
today. Now that low-power subgingival scaling has entered the hygiene
mainstream, manufacturers are paying more attention to adjustability at
the low-end of the power-spectrum. In these lecturers' opinion,
self-tuning is just a needless complication.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">Decision #5: Is autoclavability important to you?</span></h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">In
this day of unspeakable diseases and heightened consumer awareness, you
might think that all scalers would automatically allow autoclaving, but
they don't.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">Don't allow autoclaving</span></h2>
<span style="color: #990000;"><em>Note: Most sonic and piezo scalers are autoclavable.</em></span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">What do current users say?</span></h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">Manufacturers
should be willing to give you names of people in your area already
using their device. If the manufacturers can't supply names, or if the
names they do supply aren't in your area, it may suggest that there
aren't many devices being used or that the user is a sponsored endorser.
</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">When you talk to current users, don't just ask them how they
like their machine. Ask how long they've had it and how frequently they
use it. If they use other scalers as well, ask how it compares. Ask them
about any problems they've had. If their scaler has required servicing,
find out how long it took to get it repaired, and if the repair really
fixed the problem.</span><br />
<h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">What kind of warranty?</span></h2>
<span style="color: #990000;">Many shoppers
never consider the warranty until their scaler requires servicing. This
is unfortunate because manufacturers differ dramatically in the coverage
they offer. For example, the Coltene BioSonic scaler and Dentsply
Bobcat come with a one-year warranty, which is about average for the
industry. The Cavitron SPS comes with a two-year warranty, and you can
purchase an extended warranty that'll cover the scaler for an additional
two years. All Parkell scalers come with a five-year warranty on parts
and labor.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">Remember that the warranty never covers everything, so
be sure to ask what isn't covered. The Parkell five-year warranty covers
everything except the cables, hoses, and handpiece, which are all
covered by a one-year warranty. The replaceable autoclavable sheath
isn't covered at all.</span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">The handpiece is a scaler's most vulnerable
component. Coincidentally, it's generally covered by the shortest
warranty. So when you're comparing warranties, be sure to ask
specifically how long the handpiece is covered. </span><br />
<span style="color: #990000;">By the way, most
manufacturer warranties provide both parts and labor. Some warranties,
however, cover only the cost of parts. In other words, you'll still be
charged for the labor. If it isn't absolutely clear from the promotional
literature that the warranty includes both parts and labor, call the
company and ask for a copy of the warranty.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><u><span style="color: #990000;">REF :</span></u><span style="color: #990000;"> <a href="http://www.dentistryiq.com/articles/dem/print/volume-8/issue-2/equipment/scaler-facts.html" target="_blank">DentistryIQ</a></span><u><span style="color: #990000;"><br /></span></u></i></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-54812420929779423462014-03-31T11:42:00.000-07:002014-07-04T04:32:13.003-07:00Caffeinated coffee may reduce oral cancer risk<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>People who drank more than four cups of caffeinated coffee a day were
at half the risk of death from mouth and throat cancers than occasional
or non-coffee drinkers, American Cancer Society researchers said in a
study published online Dec. 9, 2012.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>“Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world and
contains a variety of antioxidants, polyphenols and other biologically
active compounds that may help to protect against development or
progression of cancers,” said the study’s lead author Janet Hildebrand.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>“Although it is less common in the United States, oral/pharyngeal
cancer is among the ten most common cancers in the world. Our finding
strengthens the evidence of a possible protective effect of caffeinated
coffee in the etiology and/or progression of cancers of the mouth and
pharynx. It may be of considerable interest to investigate whether
coffee consumption can lead to a better prognosis after oral/pharyngeal
diagnosis.”</i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>An estimated 40,250 new cases and 7,850 deaths from these mouth and
throat cancers were expected in the United States during 2012. Men are
more than twice as likely as women to develop and die from cancer of the
oral cavity or pharynx.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>The ACS study took a long view, focusing on 868 fatal cases of
oral/pharyngeal cancer occurring over a 26-year period among 968,432 men
and women who were cancer-free at enrollment in 1982.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Previous epidemiologic studies have suggested that coffee intake is
associated with reduced risk of oral/pharyngeal cancer. To further
explore those studies, researchers examined associations of caffeinated
coffee, decaffeinated coffee and tea intake with fatal oral/pharyngeal
cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II, which was published in the
American Journal of Epidemiology.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Few studies have examined caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee
separately, perhaps, the authors say, because of limited data on the
latter, which is consumed less frequently and in smaller amounts than
caffeinated coffee.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>They found that consumption of more than four cups of caffeinated
coffee a day was associated with a 49 percent lower risk of
oral/pharyngeal cancer death relative to no or occasional coffee intake.
The data “suggested” a similar link among drinkers of more than two
cups a day of decaffeinated coffee, although this data was deemed to be
“of marginal significance.” No association was found for tea drinking.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>The report’s authors included scientists affiliated with the American
Cancer Society’s Epidemiology Research Program, Emory University’s
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the New York
University Medical Center Department of Environmental Medicine. The ACS
funds the creation, maintenance and updating of the Cancer Prevention
Study II cohort. </i></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>“As one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, coffee
and its effects on human health are of considerable interest,” the study
concludes. “Although some health conditions will preclude the
consumption of any caffeinated beverages on a regular basis, our results
contribute to the body of research suggesting that there may be
beneficial effects to coffee, particularly caffeinated coffee, and its
daily enjoyment.”</i></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u>REFRENCE</u></span></span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #a64d79;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><u><span style="background-color: #c27ba0;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://www.colgate.com/app/CP/US/EN/OC/Information/Articles/ADA.cvsp" target="_blank">American Dental Association</a></span></span> </u><i> </i></span></span></h4>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-79381191389272559252014-03-31T11:28:00.000-07:002014-07-07T01:39:31.257-07:00Tooth loss linked to depression and anxiety.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
At the 43rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition of the American Association for Dental Research (AADR), held in conjunction with the 38th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Association for Dental Research, R. Constance Wiener, from West Virginia University, Morgantown, presented a research study titled "Association of Tooth Loss and Depression and Anxiety."<br />
<br />
Tooth loss from caries and periodontal disease is an outcome from complex, chronic conditions. Several biopsychosocial factors are involved, including accessing care. Individuals reporting dental anxiety may avoid dental care; and individuals with depression may be negligent in self-care. In this study, researchers examined a potential association of tooth loss with depression and anxiety.<br />
<br />
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Survey is a complex, telephone survey of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state health departments. In this study, the researchers used the BRFSS 2010 data (451,075 respondents). Analysis involved frequency, Chi square analysis, and complex survey logistic regression. Participants eligibility included being 19 years or older, and having complete data on depression, anxiety and tooth loss.<br />
<br />
There were 76,292 eligible participants; and 13.4% of participants reported anxiety, 16.7% reported depression, and 5.7% reported total tooth loss. The sample was evenly distributed between males and females; there were 68.7% non-Hispanic whites, 12.7% non-Hispanic blacks, 12.5% Hispanics, and 6.8% other. In Chi-square analysis by tooth loss: depression, anxiety, and a combined category of depression or anxiety were significantly different in tooth loss (p <0.0001) v. participants without the conditions. The unadjusted odds ratio for tooth loss and anxiety was 1.58 (95% CI: 1.46, 1.71; p<.0001); for depression: 1.64 (95% CI: 1.52, 1.77; p<.0001); and for anxiety or depression as a combined category: 1.55 (95% CI: 1.44, 1.66; p<.0001). The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for anxiety was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.30; p=0.0773); for depression: 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.32; p=0.0275); and in a separate analysis of the combined anxiety or depression category, the AOR was 1.23 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.36).<br />
<br />
At the conclusion of this national study, the researchers found that depression and anxiety are associated with tooth loss. Funding for this study was provided by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the, U54GM104942.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u>Reference</u></span></h4>
This is a summary of abstract #549: "Association of Tooth Loss and Depression and Anxiety"<br />
<br />
International & American Associations for Dental<br />
<br /></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-20121172005311496572013-10-25T05:58:00.003-07:002014-07-07T01:39:55.495-07:00Removal of odontoma.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5817210047576264553.post-24174788020369357332013-10-25T05:16:00.000-07:002014-07-07T01:40:19.061-07:00Right way of brushing teeth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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